U.S. President Joe Biden cautioned Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu that the U.S. would not participate in any retaliatory measures against Iran, an approach favored by Netanyahu's War Cabinet following a significant drone and missile assault on Israeli soil, as reported by officials.
The looming specter of full-blown conflict between these longstanding Middle Eastern adversaries, potentially involving the U.S., has unsettled the region, prompting calls for restraint from international powers and Arab nations.
"The Middle East is on the brink. The people of the region are confronting the real danger of a devastating, full-scale conflict. Now is the time to defuse and de-escalate," United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres told a Security Council meeting called on Sunday in response to the strikes.
Deputy U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. Robert Wood called on the council to unequivocally condemn Iran's attack.
"Let me be clear: If Iran or its proxies take actions against the U.S. or further action against Israel, Iran will be held responsible," he said.
Still, Biden told Netanyahu the U.S. would not participate in any Israeli counter-offensive against Iran over the attack, a White House official said.
U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken and Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin also spoke to counterparts, including in Saudi Arabia, Türkiye, Egypt and Jordan, stressing the need to avoid escalation and the importance of a coordinated diplomatic response, emphasizing that the U.S. will continue to support Israel's defense.
Iran launched the attack over a suspected Israeli strike on its embassy compound in Syria on April 1 that killed top Revolutionary Guards commanders and followed months of clashes between Israel and Iran's regional allies, triggered by the war in Gaza.
However, the attack by more than 300 missiles and drones caused only modest damage in Israel.
Most were shot down by Israel's Iron Dome defense system and with help from the U.S., Britain, France and Jordan.
The only serious injury reported within Israel was that of a 7-year-old who was hurt by shrapnel.
There also was little serious property damage reported. Authorities said an Israeli Air Force base was hit but continued to operate as normal.
Asian shares fell and gold prices rose on Monday as risk sentiment took a hit, though oil prices dipped.
"An attack was largely priced in the days leading up to it. Also, the limited damage and the fact that there was no loss of life mean that maybe Israel's response will be more measured," said Warren Patterson, head of commodities strategy at ING.
"But clearly, there is still plenty of uncertainty, and it all depends on how Israel now responds."
Israeli officials said Netanyahu's five-member War Cabinet favored retaliation in a meeting on Sunday, although the panel was divided over the timing and scale of any such response.
Two senior Israeli ministers signaled retaliation was not imminent and that Israel would not act alone.
"We will build a regional coalition and exact the price from Iran in the fashion and timing that is right for us," centrist minister Benny Gantz said ahead of a War Cabinet meeting.
Defense Minister Yoav Gallant also said Israel had an opportunity to form a strategic alliance "against this grave threat by Iran."
Israel remained on high alert, but authorities lifted some emergency measures that had included a ban on some school activities and caps on large gatherings.
Iranian Army Chief of Staff Maj. Gen. Mohammad Bagheri said on television, "Our response will be much larger than tonight's military action if Israel retaliates against Iran," and told Washington that its bases could also be attacked if it helped Israel retaliate.
Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amirabdollahian said Tehran had informed the U.S. its attack on Israel would be limited and for self-defense and that regional neighbors had been informed of its planned strikes 72 hours in advance.
Turkish, Jordanian and Iraqi officials said on Sunday that Iran gave wide notice days before the attack, but U.S. officials said Tehran did not warn Washington and was aiming to cause significant damage.
The leaders of the Group of 7 nations condemned Iran's attack and said they would work to stabilize the situation, warning in a statement that Tehran risked "an uncontrollable regional escalation."
Analysts debated whether Iran's attack was calibrated to cause genuine devastation in Israel or to save face at home after vows of revenge while avoiding a major new war.
"I think the Iranians took into consideration the fact that Israel has a very, very strong multilayer anti-missile system and they probably took into consideration that there will not be too many casualties," said Sima Shine, a former senior Mossad official at the Institute for National Security Studies in Tel Aviv.
In Gaza, Iran's attack drew applause as rare payback for an Israeli offensive that has killed at least 33,000 people.
"We have been slaughtered for over six months and no one dared to do anything. Now Iran, after its consulate was hit, is hitting back at Israel and this brings joy into our hearts," said Majed Abu Hamza of Gaza City.
The latest conflict in Gaza, which Israel invaded after an incursion by Hamas on Oct. 7, has spread to fronts with Iran-aligned groups in Lebanon, Syria, Yemen and Iraq.
In Israel, although there was alarm at the first direct attack from another country in more than three decades, the mood contrasted with the trauma after the Hamas-led attack on Oct.7.
"I think we have been given license to respond now. I mean it was a major attack from Iran ... I imagine Israel will respond and may be over quickly and get back to normal life," said Jeremy Smith, 60.
In Iran, state television showed small gatherings in several cities celebrating the attack, but in private, some Iranians were worried about Israel's response.
"Iran gave Netanyahu a golden opportunity to attack our country. But we, the people of Iran, will bear the brunt of this conflict," said Shima, a nurse from Tehran.
