An independent United Nations probe found Wednesday the scale of Israel's Gaza killing amounted to crimes against humanity.
The investigations also accused the Palestinian resistance group Hamas of committing war crimes in Israel.
The findings were from two parallel reports, one focusing on the Oct. 7 Hamas incursion and another on Israel's military response, published by the U.N. Commission of Inquiry (COI), which has a broad mandate to collect evidence and identify perpetrators of international crimes committed in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories.
Israel does not cooperate with the commission, which it says has an anti-Israel bias. The COI says Israel obstructs its work and prevents investigators from accessing both Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories.
Israel's diplomatic mission to the U.N. in Geneva rejected the findings. "The COI has once again proven that its actions are all in the service of a narrow-led political agenda against Israel," said Meirav Eilon Shahar, Israel's Ambassador to the U.N. in Geneva.
Hamas did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
By Israel's count, more than 1,200 people were killed and 250 taken hostage in the Oct. 7 cross-border incursion that sparked Israel's brutal war on Gaza that has since killed over 37,000 people, by Palestinian tallies.
The reports, which cover the conflict through to end-December, found that both sides committed war crimes including torture; murder or willful killing; outrages upon personal dignity; and inhuman or cruel treatment.
Israel also committed additional war crimes including starvation as a method of warfare, it said, saying Israel not only failed to provide essential supplies like food, water, shelter and medicine to Gazans but "acted to prevent the supply of those necessities by anyone else."
Some of the war crimes such as murder also constituted crimes against humanity by Israel, the COI statement said, using a term reserved for the most serious international crimes knowingly committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack against civilians.
"The immense numbers of civilian casualties in Gaza and widespread destruction of civilian objects and infrastructure were the inevitable result of a strategy undertaken with intent to cause maximum damage, disregarding the principles of distinction, proportionality and adequate precautions," the COI statement said.
Sometimes, the evidence gathered by such U.N.-mandated bodies has formed the basis for war crimes prosecutions and could be drawn on by the International Criminal Court (ICC).
The COI's findings are based on interviews with victims and witnesses, hundreds of submissions, satellite imagery, medical reports and verified open-source information.
Among the findings in the 59-page report on the Oct. 7 incursion, the commission verified four incidents of mass killings in public shelters which it said suggests militants had "standing operational instructions." It also reportedly identified some sexual violence but could not independently verify the reports.
The longer 126-page Gaza report said Israel's use of weapons such as MK84 guided bombs with a large destructive capacity in urban areas was incompatible with international humanitarian law "as they cannot adequately or accurately discriminate between the intended military targets and civilian objects."
It also said Palestinian men and boys were subject to the crime against humanity of gender persecution, citing cases where victims were forced to strip naked in public in moves "intended to inflict severe humiliation."
The findings will be discussed by the U.N. Human Rights Council in Geneva next week.
The COI composed of three independent experts including its chair South African former U.N. human rights chief Navi Pillay was set up in 2021 by the Geneva Council.