Assassinated by Israel in Tehran, Hamas political bureau chief Ismail Haniyeh was the face of the Palestinian resistance group's international diplomacy as war raged back in Gaza, killing three of his sons and many of his family members.
Despite his tough rhetoric, Haniyeh was seen by many diplomats as a moderate compared to the more hardline members of the Iran-backed group inside Gaza.
Appointed to the Hamas top job in 2017, Haniyeh moved between Türkiye and Qatar's capital Doha, escaping the travel curbs of the blockaded Gaza Strip and enabling him to act as a negotiator in cease-fire talks or to talk to Hamas' ally Iran.
"All the agreements of normalization that you (Arab states) signed with (Israel) will not end this conflict," Haniyeh declared on Qatar-based Al Jazeera television shortly after the Oct. 7 Hamas incursion which caused the death of 1,200 people in Israel.
Israel's genocidal war, in response, has killed nearly 40,000 people in Gaza, mostly women and children, and bombed much of the enclave into rubble, according to health authorities in the territory.
Sons killed by Israel
Three of Haniyeh's sons – Hazem, Amir and Mohammad – were killed on April 10 when an Israeli airstrike struck the car they were driving, Hamas said. Haniyeh also lost four of his grandchildren, three girls and a boy, in the attack, Hamas said.
Haniyeh had denied Israeli assertions that his sons were fighters for the group and said "the interests of the Palestinian people are placed ahead of everything" when asked if their killing would impact truce talks.
"All our people and all the families of Gaza residents have paid a heavy price with the blood of their children and I am one of them," he said, adding that at least 60 members of his family were killed in the war.
Yet for all the tough language in public, Arab diplomats and officials had viewed him as pragmatic compared with more hardline voices inside Gaza, where the Oct. 7 incursion was planned.
While telling Israel's military they would find themselves "drowning in the sands of Gaza," he and his predecessor as Hamas leader, Khaled Meshaal, had shuttled around the region for talks over a Qatari-brokered cease-fire deal with Israel that would include exchanging hostages for Palestinians in Israeli jails as well as more aid for Gaza.
Israel, however, labels the entire Hamas leadership as terrorists and accused Haniyeh, Meshaal and others of continuing to "pull the strings of Hamas."
But how much Haniyeh knew about the Oct. 7 assault beforehand is not clear. The plan, drawn up by the Hamas military council in Gaza, was such a closely guarded secret that some Hamas officials seemed shocked by its timing and scale.
Shuttle diplomacy
When he left Gaza in 2017, Haniyeh was succeeded by Yahya Sinwar, a hardliner who spent more than two decades in Israeli prisons and whom Haniyeh had welcomed back to Gaza in 2011 after a prisoner exchange.
"Haniyeh is leading the political battle for Hamas with Arab governments," Adeeb Ziadeh, a specialist in Palestinian affairs at Qatar University, said before his death, adding that he had close ties with more hardline figures in the group and the military wing. "He is the political and diplomatic front of Hamas," Ziadeh said.
Haniyeh and Meshaal had met officials in Egypt, which has also had a mediation role in the cease-fire talks. Haniyeh traveled in early November to Tehran to meet Iran's supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Iranian state media reported.
As a young man, Haniyeh was a student activist at the Islamic University in Gaza City. He joined Hamas when it was created in the First Palestinian intifada (uprising) in 1987. He was arrested and briefly deported.
Haniyeh became a protege of Hamas' founder Sheikh Ahmad Yassin, who like Haniyeh's family, was a refugee from the village of Al Jura near Ashkelon.
In 1994, he told Reuters that Yassin was a model for young Palestinians, saying: "We learned from him, love of Islam and sacrifice for this Islam and not to kneel down to these tyrants and despots."
By 2003, he was a trusted Yassin aide, photographed in Yassin's Gaza home holding a phone to the almost completely paralyzed Hamas founder's ear so that he could take part in a conversation. Yassin was assassinated by Israel in 2004.
Haniyeh was an early advocate of Hamas entering politics. In 1994, he said that forming a political party "would enable Hamas to deal with emerging developments."
Initially overruled by the Hamas leadership, it was later approved and Haniyeh became Palestinian prime minister after the group won Palestinian parliamentary elections in 2006, a year after Israel's military withdrew from Gaza.
The group took control of Gaza in 2007.
In 2012, when asked by Reuters reporters if Hamas had abandoned the armed struggle, Haniyeh replied "of course not" and said resistance would continue "in all forms - popular resistance, political, diplomatic and military resistance."