Once aspiring to build houses, 6-year-old Atef al-Buhaisi now yearns for a return to school amid the chaos of Israel's conflict with Gaza.
His world shattered by bombings, loss and displacement, al-Buhaisi clings to his grandmother in a cramped tent in central Gaza, longing for the safety and routine of a classroom.
Gaza has closed schools since the outbreak of the conflict on Oct. 7, leaving al-Buhaisi and countless others adrift, prompting urgent efforts from aid organizations to shield children from the turmoil and refocus their attention away from the escalating violence.
"What we've lost most is the future of our children and their education," said Irada Ismael, Atef's grandmother. "Houses and walls are rebuilt, money can be earned again ... but how do I compensate for (his) education?"
Gaza faces a humanitarian crisis, with the head of the U.N.'s World Food Programme determining a "full-blown famine" is already underway in the north.
More than 35,000 Palestinians have been killed in the conflict, according to the Gaza Health Ministry.
About 80% of Gaza's population has been driven from homes. Much of Gaza is damaged or destroyed, including nearly 90% of school buildings, according to aid group estimates.
Children are among the most severely affected, with the U.N. estimating that some 19,000 children have been orphaned and nearly a third under the age of 2 face acute malnutrition.
In emergencies, education takes a back seat to safety, health, and sanitation, say education experts, but the consequences are lasting.
"The immediate focus during conflict isn't on education, but the disruption has an incredibly long-term effect," said Sonia Ben Jaafar, of the Abdulla Al-Ghurair Foundation, a philanthropic organization focused on education in the Arab world. "The cost at this point is immeasurable."
Before the latest conflict, Gaza was home to more than 625,000 students and some 20,000 teachers in its highly literate population, according to the U.N.
In other conflicts, aid groups can create safe spaces for children in neighboring countries – for example, Poland for shelter and schooling during the war in Ukraine.
That's not possible in Gaza, a densely populated enclave locked between the sea, Israel and Egypt.
Since Oct. 7, Palestinians from Gaza have not been allowed to cross into Israel. Egypt has let a small number of Palestinians leave.
"They're unable to flee, and they remain in an area that continues to be battered," said Tess Ingram of UNICEF. "It's very hard to provide them with certain services, such as mental health and psychosocial support or consistent education and learning."
Aid groups hope classes will resume by September.
But even if a cease-fire is brokered, much of Gaza must be cleared of mines, and rebuilding schools could take years.
In the interim, aid groups are providing recreational activities – games, drawing, drama, art – not for a curriculum-based education but to keep children engaged and in a routine, in an effort for normalcy.
Even then, advocates say, attention often turns to the war – Atef's grandmother sees him draw pictures only of tents, planes and missiles.
Finding free space is among the biggest challenges. Some volunteers use the outdoors, make do inside tents where people live, or find a room in homes still standing.
It took volunteer teachers more than two months to clear one room in a school in Deir al-Balah to give ad hoc classes to children.
Getting simple supplies, such as footballs and stationery, into Gaza can also take months, groups report.
"Having safe spaces for children to gather to play and learn is an important step," Ingram said, but "ultimately, the children of Gaza must be able to return to learning curriculum from teachers in classrooms, with education materials and all the other support schooling provides."
This month, UNICEF had planned to erect at least 50 tents for some 6,000 children from preschool to grade 12 for play-based numbers and literacy learning in Rafah.
But UNICEF says those plans could be disrupted by Israel's operation there.
Lack of schooling can take a psychological toll – it disrupts daily life and, compounded with conflict, makes children more prone to anxiety and nervousness, said Jesus Miguel Perez Cazorla, a mental health expert with the International Committee of the Red Cross.
Children in conflicts are also at increased risk of forced labor, sexual violence, trafficking and recruitment by gangs and armed groups, experts warn.
"Not only are children vulnerable to recruitment by Hamas, but living amid ongoing violence and constantly losing family members makes children psychologically primed to want to take action against the groups they consider responsible," said Samantha Nutt of War Child USA, which supports children and families in war zones.
Palestinians say they have seen more children take to Gaza's streets since the war, trying to earn money for their families.
"The streets are full of children selling very simple things, such as chocolate, canned goods," said Lama Nidal Alzaanin, 18, who was in her last year of high school and looking forward to university when the war broke out. "There is nothing for them to do."
Some parents try to find small ways to teach their children, scrounging for notebooks and pens and insisting they learn something as small as a new word each day.
But many find the kids too distracted, with the world around them at war.
Sabreen al-Khatib, a mother whose family was displaced to Deir al-Balah from Gaza City, said it's particularly hard for the many who've seen relatives die.
"When you speak in front of children," al-Khatib said, "what do you think he is thinking? Will he think about education? Or about himself, how will he die?"
On Oct. 7, 14-year-old Layan Nidal Alzaanin – Lama's younger sister – was on her way to her middle school in Beit Hanoun when missiles flew overhead, she said. She fled with her family to Rafah, where they lived crowded in a tent. Since Israel ordered evacuations there, she fled to Deir al-Balah.
"It is a disaster," she said. "My dreams have been shattered. There is no future for me without school."
