Commonwealth countries are pressing for slavery reparations talks, but the UK, despite years of reflection on its colonial past, remains opposed to financial compensation, according to officials and analysts.
"I think segments of British society might be ready to talk about reparation, but you have other sectors, the majority really, that strongly oppose it," Sascha Auerbach, director of the Institute for the Study of Slavery at Nottingham University, told Agence France-Presse (AFP).
Meeting last week at a summit in Samoa, the Commonwealth's 56 members said the "time has come" for talks about the legacy of the transatlantic slave trade, in a landmark declaration that raised the prospect of future reparations.
African, Caribbean and Pacific nations want Britain – and other colonial powers – to apologize for slavery and other ills of colonization and to start talks about compensation.
Labour Prime Minister Keir Starmer, a former human rights lawyer, has rejected both requests, arguing that he wants to "look forward" rather than have "very long endless discussions about reparations" involving the past.
"I think he is concerned that the country is not ready to have this conversation," said Alan Lester, a historian at the University of Sussex, noting that any talk of restorative justice a few months after far-right riots rocked England is seen as politically risky.
The issue is divisive. Figures in center-left Labor – which came to power in July – have long been open to the debate, but the Conservatives reject it outright.
Robert Jenrick, one of the candidates to be the new Tory leader, has said that criticizing the British empire is anti-patriotic.
He wrote recently that "the territories colonized by our empire were not advanced democracies."
"Many had been cruel, slave-trading powers. Some had never been independent. The British empire broke the long chain of violent tyranny as we came to introduce – gradually and imperfectly – Christian values," he added.
While Britain has expressed remorse for slavery in broad terms, London has balked at the idea of paying financial reparations, which would likely come with a hefty price tag.
A 2023 report co-authored by a United Nations judge, Patrick Robinson, concluded that the U.K. likely owed more than 18 trillion pounds ($23.16 trillion) for its involvement in slavery in 14 countries.
This figure took into account the unpaid wages of slaves, trauma caused, and damages owed to their descendants.
So far, the Commonwealth countries have not put forward any figures of their own.
"It’s very unlikely that countries would ask for that figure," Lester, the historian, told AFP.
Auerbach suspects that money is not the countries’ "main goal." "What they want is recognition and accountability," he said.
Opponents in Britain point out that a public apology could open the doors to legal action against the country. Auerbach notes that the Netherlands’ government and king apologized last year for slavery and has not yet been sued.
For its part, the British royal family has so far stopped short of apologizing.
King Charles III did, however, on a visit to Kenya last year, express his "greatest sorrow and deepest regret" over the "abhorrent and unjustifiable acts of violence committed against Kenyans" during colonial rule.
"It’s a delicate subject. I would say that the monarchy has navigated this debate very skillfully," professor Pauline Maclaran at Royal Holloway, University of London, told AFP.
Other British institutions have issued apologies or owned up to mistakes, including the Church of England, which officially said sorry in 2020.
The National Trust, which protects heritage sites, published a report the same year detailing links between dozens of properties it runs and the slave trade.
Earlier this year, the esteemed Royal Academy of Arts held an exhibition about how British art was implicated by slavery – a first in its more than two centuries of existence.
"At least we’re having the conversation in the Anglo-Saxon world, which is not the case in Spain or France," said Auerbach.