Dutch King Willem-Alexander swore in a new ruling coalition Monday, led for the fourth time by Mark Rutte, amid a nationwide coronavirus lockdown and policy challenges ranging from climate change and housing shortages to the future of agriculture.
The socially-distanced ceremony in the ballroom at the Noordeinde Palace in The Hague came after a record-breaking coalition formation process following the March 17 general election that highlighted deep divisions in the splintered Dutch political landscape.
The country's Prime Minister Mark Rutte's fourth coalition government took office on Monday a record 10 months after elections, with pledges to spend big on climate change and the coronavirus pandemic.
The new government, formed after grueling negotiations, has earmarked a frugality-busting 35 billion euros ($40 billion) over the next 10 years for climate measures. It has promised to build two new nuclear power stations and to become climate neutral by 2050, as one of the world's lowest-lying and most densely-populated countries confronts rising sea levels.
The government also includes the Netherlands' first ever dedicated climate and energy minister, Rob Jetten, 34, charged with curbing emissions and the country's reliance on fossil fuels, especially gas.
Bike-riding premier Rutte has said the coalition wanted to "lay the foundation for the next generation," especially on climate as around a third of the Netherlands' landmass sits below sea-level. The new coalition will meanwhile also face the immediate task of deciding whether record omicron cases mean it should extend Europe's toughest COVID-19 restrictions, which are due to expire on Friday.
New Finance Minister Sigrid Kaag was sworn in by King Willem-Alexander via video-link because she was quarantining after testing positive for coronavirus.
Rutte, 54, is on course to become the longest-serving Dutch premier later this year, and is already the European Union's second longest-ruling leader after Hungary's Viktor Orban. But the path to his fourth government since 2010 was a difficult one, taking a record 271 days of negotiations after elections on March 17.
The coalition also comprises the same four parties as the last government – Rutte's center-right the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), Kaag's progressive Democrats 66 (D66), the center-right The Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and the conservative Christen Unie.
The Dutch have set another unwelcome record by being under a caretaker government for almost exactly a year, after the previous coalition resigned in January 2021 over a child benefits scandal.
But new coalition has a record number of women, with an unprecedented 14 of the 19 ministers and secretaries of state being female.
Dubbed the "Teflon" prime minister for his ability to dodge scandals and stay in power, Rutte said in December he wanted his new government to "restore trust."
The spending pledges on climate and COVID-19 will see Kaag leading the Dutch towards abandoning their traditional role as leader of the EU's austerity-obsessed "frugals."
Kaag, a 60-year-old former diplomat, has also been tipped to smooth ties with debt-hit southern European states that have previously been lectured by the Dutch to cut deficits.
The Netherlands is seen as one of the European Union's "frugal four" member states alongside Austria, Denmark and Sweden that clash with other nations over the EU's budget.
Her predecessor Wopke Hoekstra of the CDA, known for his hawkish stance on spending, will move to the foreign ministry.
Ernst Kuipers, who was responsible for moving coronavirus patients around the country, will replace Hugo de Jonge as health minister. De Jonge will take on another key pledge of the coalition: tackling a chronic housing shortage.