Five years since the deadly pandemic, COVID-19 continues to infect people and claim lives across the globe – though at a significantly lower rate.

Around 777 million COVID-19 cases and more than 7 million deaths have been officially recorded since the first infections emerged in December 2019, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). However, the true toll is believed to be far higher.

The pandemic also crippled health systems, crashed economies and sent the populations of many countries into lockdown. In the second half of 2022, infection and death rates dropped due to growing immunity from vaccinations or prior infection. The virus also mutated to become less severe.

In May 2023, the WHO declared the emergency phase of the pandemic over. Since then, the virus seems to have gradually become endemic, according to experts, with occasional resurgences similar to the flu – although less seasonal.

COVID-19 has also largely receded from the public eye. "The world wants to forget this pathogen that is still with us, and I think people want to put COVID-19 in the past as if it's over – and in many respects pretend it didn't happen – because it has been so traumatic," WHO pandemic preparedness director Maria Van Kerkhove said last month.

From October to November last year, there were more than 3,000 deaths from COVID-19 across 27 countries, according to the WHO.

More than 95% of official COVID-19 deaths were recorded between 2020 and 2022.

Variants

Since the Omicron variant emerged in November 2021, a succession of its subvariants has replaced each other as the dominant strain worldwide. At the moment, the Omicron variant KP.3.1.1 is the most common.

The rising XEC is the only "variant under monitoring" by the WHO, though the United Nations agency rates its global health risk as low. None of the successive Omicron subvariants have been noticeably more severe than others, although some experts warn it is not out of the question that future strains could be more transmissible or deadly.

Vaccines, treatments

Vaccines were developed against COVID-19 in record time and they proved a powerful weapon against the virus, with more than 13.6 billion doses administered worldwide. However rich countries initially bought up a large portion of the early doses, creating unequal global distribution.

Booster shots updated for the JN.1 Omicron subvariant are still recommended in some nations, particularly for at-risk groups such as the elderly. However, the WHO has said most people – including the elderly – have not kept up with their booster shots. Even among healthcare workers, the booster uptake rate was below one percent in 2024, according to the WHO.

Long COVID-19

Millions of people have been affected by COVID-19, a still little-understood condition that lasts months after the initial infection. Common symptoms include fatigue, brain fog and shortness of breath.

About 6% of people infected by coronavirus develop long COVID-19, the WHO said last month, adding that the condition "continues to pose a substantial burden on health systems."

Much about long COVID-19 remains unknown. There are no tests or treatments. Multiple COVID-19 infections seem to increase the chance of getting the condition.

Future pandemics?

Scientists have warned that another pandemic will strike sooner or later, urging the world to learn the lessons of COVID-19 and prepare for next time.

Attention has recently focussed on bird flu (H5N1), particularly after the United States reported on Monday the first human death from the virus.

The patient in Louisiana had underlying medical conditions and contracted H5N1 after being exposed to infected birds, U.S. health authorities said, emphasizing there was no evidence of person-to-person transmission.

Since late 2021, the WHO's member states have been negotiating a world-first treaty on pandemic prevention, preparedness and response.

However, an agreement has remained elusive ahead of a May deadline, with a key faultline lying between Western nations and poorer countries wary of being sidelined when the next pandemic occurs.

The COVID-19 pandemic also saw a massive increase in skepticism and misinformation about vaccines.

Experts have raised concerns about the prospect of having vaccine-skeptic and conspiracy theorist Robert F. Kennedy Jr. – U.S. President-elect Donald Trump's pick for health secretary – in charge of the U.S. response to a possible pandemic threat over the next four years.