China announced it conducted its first intercontinental ballistic missile test launch in decades on Wednesday, successfully firing the missile into the Pacific Ocean.

The launch sparked protests from other countries in the region, with China's neighbor Japan saying it had not been given advance notice and expressing "serious concern" about Beijing's military build-up.

Beijing has stepped up its nuclear development and boosted defense spending in recent years, with the Pentagon warning last October China was developing its arsenal more quickly than the United States had anticipated.

China held more than 500 operational nuclear warheads as of May 2023 and is likely to have more than 1,000 by 2030, it said.

The Chinese military's Rocket Force "launched an ICBM ... carrying a dummy warhead to the high seas in the Pacific Ocean at 08:44 on Sept. 25, and the missile fell into expected sea areas" on Wednesday, the Defense Ministry said in a statement.

An analyst told AFP such tests were very rare.

"This is extremely unusual and likely the first time in decades that we've seen a test like this," said Ankit Panda, Stanton Senior Fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

"(The test) likely speaks to China's ongoing nuclear modernization manifesting in new requirements for testing," he added.

'Serious concern'

However, China's Defense Ministry called the firing a "routine arrangement in our annual training plan."

"It is in line with international law and international practice and is not directed against any country or target," it said.

Japan, however, said it was given "no notice from the Chinese side in advance," with a government spokesman adding that Beijing's military build-up was a "serious concern."

Australia said it was seeking "an explanation" over the launch, adding it was "concerned by any action that is destabilizing and raises the risk of miscalculation in the region."

New Zealand also said the launch of the missile, which landed in the South Pacific, was "an unwelcome and concerning development."

A spokesman for Wellington's foreign minister vowed to consult with Pacific allies further as details became clear.

Beijing first test-fired an ICBM into the South Pacific in the 1980s.

But since then, Panda told AFP, it has typically conducted such tests in its own airspace.

The United States said in 2021 it was "very concerned" about reported hypersonic missile testing by China.

Third-largest stockpile

The United States and China held rare talks on nuclear arms control in November, part of a bid to ease mistrust ahead of a summit between leaders Joe Biden and Xi Jinping.

But in July, Beijing said it had suspended negotiations with the United States on nuclear non-proliferation and arms control in response to Washington's weapons sales to Taiwan.

In an annual report, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute listed China as having the world's third-largest stockpile of nuclear warheads, after Russia and the United States.

Beijing announced this year it would increase its defense budget – the world's second-largest – by 7.2%.

The boost comes as China increasingly squares off with the United States and its regional partners from the South China Sea to Taiwan.

Senior military officials from China and the United States held "in-depth" talks this month as part of a bid by the powers to avoid wider tensions escalating into conflict.

Since its first atomic test in 1964, China has been content to maintain a comparatively modest arsenal and has maintained that it would never be the first to use nuclear weapons in a conflict.

Under President Xi in recent years it has begun a massive military modernization drive that includes upgrading its nuclear weapons to not only deter foes but also be able to counterattack.

However, Beijing's secretive Rocket Force, which carried out Wednesday's test and oversees the country's nuclear arsenal, has also been the target of an aggressive, wide-ranging anti-graft campaign.

Beijing announced in July that Sun Jinming, the former chief of staff of the force, had been placed under investigation for corruption.

Its head, Li Yuchao, was replaced last July.

And Li Shangfu was ousted last year after only seven months as defense minister following a lengthy absence from public view.

Other disgraced generals include Wei Fenghe, who once headed the Rocket Force and who later became China's defence minister from 2018 to 2023.