Armed guards stopped hundreds of young women from entering Afghan university campuses on Wednesday, a day after the country's Taliban rulers banned them from higher education.
Despite promising a softer rule when they seized power last year, the Taliban have ratcheted up restrictions on all aspects of women's lives, ignoring international outrage.
A team of AFP journalists saw groups of students gathered outside universities in the capital, Kabul, barred from entering by armed guards and shuttered gates.
Many, dressed in hijabs, were also seen standing in groups on roads leading to the campuses.
"We are doomed. We have lost everything," said one student, who asked not to be identified.
Men students also expressed shock at the latest edict.
"It really expresses their illiteracy and low knowledge of Islam and human rights," said one, also asking not to be named.
"If the situation continues like this the future will be worse. Everyone is scared."
Most private and government universities are closed for a few weeks over winter, although campuses generally remain open to students and staff.
The decision to bar women from universities came late Tuesday in a terse announcement from Neda Mohammad Nadeem, the minister for Higher Education.
"You all are informed to immediately implement the mentioned order of suspending education of females until further notice," it said.
'Deeply alarmed'
International reaction was swift, as the U.N., U.S. and Türkiye led condemnation of the decision.
Voicing concerns over the decision in a written statement, Türkiye's Foreign Ministry said: "We are saddened and concerned about the ban on education for female students in higher education in Afghanistan."
It emphasized that education is a fundamental human right that all should benefit from without discrimination, on the basis of equality and no one should be deprived of it.
The ministry called on Afghan authorities to review the decision and take necessary steps.
Meanwhile, Türkiye's Presidential Spokesperson İbrahim Kalın took to Twitter to voice his concerns.
"The Taliban administration took a decision banning female students from entering universities in Afghanistan. A decision against the spirit of Islam. This prohibition has no place in religion," he wrote.
Washington condemned the decision "in the strongest terms."
"The Taliban cannot expect to be a legitimate member of the international community until they respect the rights of all in Afghanistan. This decision will come with consequences for the Taliban," Secretary of State Antony Blinken said in a statement.
U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, meanwhile, was "deeply alarmed," his spokesman said Tuesday.
"The secretary-general reiterates that the denial of education not only violates the equal rights of women and girls, but will have a devastating impact on the country's future," Stephane Dujarric said in a statement.
The ban on higher education comes less than three months after thousands of girls and women were allowed to sit for university entrance exams across the country, with many aspiring to choose teaching and medicine as future careers.
Most teenage girls across the country have already been banned from secondary school, severely limiting university intake anyway.
After the Taliban takeover in August last year, universities were forced to implement new rules including gender-segregated classrooms and entrances, while women were only permitted to be taught by professors of the same sex, or old men.
'Serious differences'
The Taliban, with the movement's supreme leader Hibatullah Akhundzada and his inner circle of clerics, are against modern education, especially for girls and women.
But they are at odds with many officials in Kabul – and among their rank and file – who had hoped girls would be allowed to continue learning following the takeover.
"The latest decision will increase these differences," a Taliban commander based in northwest Pakistan told AFP on condition of anonymity.
In a cruel U-turn, the Taliban in March blocked girls from returning to secondary schools on the morning they were supposed to reopen.
Several Taliban officials maintained the secondary education ban was only temporary, but have wheeled out a litany of excuses for the closure – from a lack of funds to the time needed to remodel the syllabus.
Since the ban, many teenage girls have been married off early – often to much older men of their father's choice.
Several families interviewed by AFP last month said that coupled with economic pressure, the school ban meant that securing their daughters' future through marriage was better than them sitting idle at home.
International pressure
Women have also been pushed out of many government jobs – or are being paid a pittance of their former salary to stay at home.
They are also barred from traveling without a male relative and must cover up outside of the home, ideally with a burqa.
In November, women were prohibited from going to parks, funfairs, gyms and public baths.
The international community has made the right to education for all women a sticking point in negotiations over aid and recognition of the Taliban regime.
Afghanistan's neighbor, Pakistan, said that engagement with the Taliban was still the best path forward.
"I'm disappointed by the decision that was taken today," Foreign Minister Bilawal Bhutto Zardari said Tuesday on a visit to Washington.
But, he added: "I still think the easiest path to our goal – despite having a lot of setbacks when it comes to women's education and other things – is through Kabul and through the interim government."
In the 20 years between the Taliban's two reigns, girls were allowed to go to school and women were able to seek employment in all sectors, though the country remained socially conservative.
The authorities have also returned to public floggings and executions of men and women in recent weeks.