Pro-Palestinian protesters at Columbia University were occupying a building on the New York City campus Tuesday a day after the university began suspending student demonstrators.

The protesters. who were occupying Hamilton Hall, displayed banners from a window reading "Intifada," the Arabic word for an uprising, CNN reported, citing a video.

The school said in an early morning notice that effective immediately access to the Morningside campus has been limited to students residing in residential buildings on campus and employees providing essential services.

"This access restriction will remain in place until circumstances allow otherwise," it said. "The safety of every single member of this community is paramount. We thank you for your patience, cooperation and understanding."

The university began suspending pro-Palestinian student activists Monday who refused to dismantle a protest camp on the New York City campus after the Ivy League school declared a stalemate in talks seeking to end the demonstration.

University President Nemat Shafik said in a statement that days of negotiations between student organizers and academic leaders had failed to persuade demonstrators to remove the dozens of tents set up to express opposition to Israel's war in Gaza.

Crackdown

Columbia began suspending students following almost two weeks of protests against Israel's war in Gaza that have swept through higher education institutions from coast to coast, after around 100 protesters were first arrested at Columbia on April 18.

In the latest crackdown, authorities at the prestigious university in New York demanded that the protest encampment be cleared by 2 p.m. (6 p.m. GMT) or students would face disciplinary action.

"These repulsive scare tactics mean nothing compared to the deaths of over 34,000 Palestinians," said a statement, read out by a student at a press conference after the deadline, referring to the death toll in Gaza.

"We will not move until Columbia meets our demands or ... are moved by force," said the student, who would not give his name.

The demonstrators have vowed to remain at the hall until their demands are met.

Among their key demands is that the institution divests financial holdings linked to Israel.

Columbia vice-president of communications, Ben Chang, said the university had "begun suspending students as part of this next phase of our efforts to ensure safety on our campus."

He said students had been warned they would be "placed on suspension, ineligible to complete the semester or graduate, and will be restricted from all academic, residential, and recreational spaces."

Meanwhile, at the University of Texas at Austin, police clashed with protesters Monday, including using pepper spray, and made arrests while dismantling an encampment, adding to the more than 350 people detained nationwide over the weekend.

"No encampments will be allowed," Texas Gov. Greg Abbott said on social media.

"Instead, arrests are being made."

Paul Quinzi, of the Austin Lawyers Guild helping those detained, told AFP they estimated "at least 80 arrests, and they are still going."

Police pushed and shoved away protesters at the Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) in Richmond, local television footage showed. Students said police deployed teargas and pepper spray to clear them.

VCU said in a statement on social media platform X that it had repeatedly offered opportunities to the protesters, "many of whom were not students ... to leave. Those who did not were subjected to arrest and trespassing."

Protests against the Gaza war, with its high Palestinian civilian death toll, have posed a challenge to university administrators trying to balance free speech rights with complaints that the rallies have veered into anti-Semitism and hate.

Footage of police in riot gear summoned at various colleges to break up rallies has been viewed around the world, recalling the protest movement that erupted during the Vietnam War.

Talks collapse

Columbia University President Shafik, in a statement Monday announcing talks had broken down, said: "Many of our Jewish students, and other students as well, have found the atmosphere intolerable in recent weeks."

"Many have left campus, and that is a tragedy," she said.

"Antisemitic language and actions are unacceptable and calls for violence are simply abhorrent."

Protest organizers deny accusations of antisemitism, arguing their actions are aimed at Israel's government and its prosecution of the conflict in Gaza.

They also insist that non-student agitators have engineered some of the incidents.

With the school year wrapping up, administrators point to the need to maintain order on campus for exam studies.

"One group's rights to express their views cannot come at the expense of another group's right to speak, teach and learn," argued Shafik.

One graduate student protester, who asked to be identified only as "Z," told AFP: "It's finals week, everyone is still working on their finals. But at the end of the day, school is temporary."

Suspensions were also ongoing at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where president Martha Pollack said student protesters had been "dishonest" by saying they did not intend to form a tented encampment on campus.

Over days of negotiations, students were offered multiple opportunities to move the encampment or face sanctions.

"They declined," Pollack wrote. "Therefore, more temporary suspensions ... are forthcoming."

The Gaza war triggerred by the Oct. 7 Hamas incursion that left around 1,170 people dead, according to an AFP tally of Israeli official figures.

Israel's retaliatory offensive has killed at least 34,535 people in Gaza, mostly women and children, according to the territory's Health Ministry.