In late March, Tajik journalist Temur Varki received a troubling call from Paris police, just days after Daesh terrorists from his homeland were allegedly involved in a massacre in Moscow.
The officers inquired about France’s small Tajik community – a group from the impoverished former Soviet republic in Central Asia.
"Who do you know? How many? Where?" Varki recalled them asking. One officer spoke Russian, a common language in Central Asia.
Varki, a political refugee in France with a background at the BBC among other outlets, informed the officers that he knew only a few Tajiks in the country, mostly fellow exiles and dissidents.
Ahead of the Paris Olympics, which begin on July 26, French security services have been racing to address an intelligence blind spot and forge deeper ties with Tajiks and other Central Asians in the country, according to more than a dozen people with knowledge of the effort.
They include current and former intelligence officials, police, diplomats and Central Asian migrants who authorities have contacted.
The outreach, which has not been previously reported, comes in the wake of two major attacks this year that authorities say were carried out by Tajik members of Daesh-K, a resurgent wing of the terror group named after the historical region of Khorasan, which included parts of Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia.
A double suicide bombing in Iran on Jan. 3 killed about 100 people at a memorial ceremony for slain Revolutionary Guards commander Qassem Soleimani.
The Moscow tragedy on March 22 saw gunmen open fire at concertgoers at Crocus City Hall, killing more than 130 people.
French authorities say they have already foiled one terrorist attack on the Olympics, with the arrest in late May of an 18-year-old Chechen man suspected of planning a suicide mission on behalf of Daesh at Saint-Etienne’s football stadium, where France, the United States and Ukraine will play.
With its complex colonial past, lingering anti-Muslim sentiment, and historic involvement in Middle Eastern and African wars, France has long been a target of terrorist attacks.
Last month, Paris police chief Laurent Nunez said "Terrorism remains our main concern" at the Olympics, though authorities say there have been no direct threats against the Games.
Tajikistan, plagued by civil war in the 1990s, is the poorest of the former Soviet republics. It relies on migrant remittances – mainly in Russia – for nearly half of its economic output.
Poor, isolated young men among the Tajik diaspora have proven to be an attractive recruiting pool for Daesh, according to many security experts.
Yet French intelligence has few Central Asian assets, an intelligence source told Reuters and finds their small, tight-knit communities hard to penetrate.
According to France’s Tajik Association, there are around 30 Tajik families living in the country.
The intelligence source, who requested anonymity to discuss security matters, said Daesh-K represents a relatively new threat, with recruiters and handlers based abroad able to remotely radicalize and activate Central Asians in France to carry out attacks on French soil.
As evidence, the source pointed to the case of a Tajik man arrested in 2022 for plotting an attack in Strasbourg.
The source said the man was acting under instruction from Daesh handlers based abroad.
A second security source said France had identified a dozen Daesh handlers based in countries around Afghanistan who have a strong online presence and try to convince young men in European countries interested in joining the group overseas to instead carry out domestic attacks.
The handlers then connect the recruits with people who can provide fake IDs and weapons on the ground in the involved country, according to the source, in a process that can take just a few weeks.
Reached by Reuters, the two police officers who spoke to Varki declined to comment. Paris police referred questions to the French interior ministry, which also declined to comment.
Tajikistan’s Foreign Ministry didn’t respond to a request for comment.
Along with Varki, Reuters spoke to two other Tajiks and one Uzbek based in France who had been contacted by police and questioned about their communities.
Nadejda Atayeva, an Uzbek human rights activist in the northwestern city of Le Mans, said she gave officials Varki’s phone number after meeting with them at police headquarters in Paris.
"I was asked for contacts of Tajiks I trust. I was told that they wanted to talk to Tajiks to get their opinion on the events in Moscow," she said. Sebastien Peyrouse, a French academic who has briefed French and U.S. security agencies on Central Asian militancy, said Paris may have been slow to react to the potential Tajik threat.
"France has focused much more on radicalized people coming from the Middle East, from Algeria, from northern Africa, than from Central Asia," he said. "I think France was pretty surprised by what happened in Moscow and it could be a little bit late."
Russian intelligence still has the best oversight of Central Asian militant networks, despite failing to prevent the Crocus City Hall attack, said Edward Lemon, a Tajikistan expert who regularly briefs Western spy agencies.
Yet intelligence-sharing between Russia and France about Daesh and other militant groups has been drastically reduced since Moscow’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022, French Defense Minister Sebastien Lecornu said in April this year.
Two U.S. State Department officials coordinating Olympics security for Team USA told Reuters they were confident in France’s preparations. Without going into specifics, they said French efforts to build deeper ties with its Tajik population reflected a common counter-terrorism practice to learn more about possible threatening actors within the community.
"Everybody would like to have" more information on Central Asian threats, one of them said, speaking on condition of anonymity.
The main Tajik terrorism risk in Europe comes from about a dozen radicalized men who fought in Syria and have slowly filtered back into the continent via Ukraine following the decline of Daesh in the Middle East, according to Lemon and other Central Asia experts interviewed.
Last year, German authorities arrested seven Central Asians living in the country on suspicion of founding a terrorist organization.
The Turkmen, Tajik and Kyrgyz nationals entered Germany from Ukraine shortly after the Russian invasion in early 2022, prosecutors said.
They are currently in jail awaiting trial.
Lemon estimated there are tens of thousands of Tajiks living in Europe, mainly concentrated in Poland and Germany.
Most are political refugees who arrived roughly a decade ago after Tajik President Emomali Rahmon designated two opposition movements – Group 24 and the Islamic Renaissance Party – a terrorist organization.
Rahmon, an ally of Russia, has ruled Tajikistan for 30 years.
Varki, an outspoken Rahmon critic, said he sought asylum in France in 2016 because he loved French culture and literature.
He said he had never spoken with French security services until the police called him in March.
Muhammadiqboli Sadriddin, another Tajik dissident living in France, said he too had spoken with police.
"They asked me what I knew," said Sadriddin. He added that he was eager to help but told them: "I do not know Tajiks with a radical opinion."
Three counter-intelligence experts told Reuters that France’s efforts to infiltrate the Tajik community could prove counterproductive.
A former U.S. spy, speaking on condition of anonymity to discuss his time working with French security services on Central Asian issues, said French counter-intelligence was generally very well-regarded.
But he said pressuring Tajiks for information could backfire by stigmatizing them, making them less likely to want to flag risky individuals.
Jean-François Ratelle, a specialist on Islamist militancy at the University of Ottawa, agreed.
"This community-building relationship should have been done years ago. If it’s with a counter-terrorism mindset, then it’s a recipe for failure," he said. "If France decides to put too much pressure on that diaspora, it might create the very threat that they are trying to eliminate for the Olympics."
