The four-year ban given to Paul Pogba, a 2018 World Cup winner with France and formerly the most expensive player in football history, in a doping case that could potentially end his career, has reverberated through the football world.
This ban aligns with penalties in recent similar cases in football, including two cases prosecuted by FIFA from qualifying games for the 2022 World Cup and a UEFA case detailed on Friday by the Court of Arbitration for Sport.
In other sports, top-ranked athletes like Grand Slam tennis champion Simona Halep and Russian figure skater Kamila Valieva also find their careers on hold as their legal teams contest four-year bans in doping cases.
Since 2015, a four-year ban has been the norm under the updated World Anti-Doping Code. However, the code also allows for bans to be reduced or overturned if athletes can prove they were not at fault or negligent for a positive test, or if they were contaminated.
"The feedback at that time, including among many athletes, was that a more robust default sanction was needed," the World Anti-Doping Agency said on Friday in a statement.
Pogba will be the latest case going to appeal at CAS, to challenge his ban imposed on Thursday by an Italian sports tribunal for a positive test for DHEA, a steroid precursor.
On Friday, the court in Lausanne, Switzerland, published a detailed ruling in the doping case of an international football player that helps show the narrow path to a reduced ban.
A four-year ban was imposed by UEFA on Bulgaria winger Georgi Yomov, who tested positive for an anabolic steroid at a Europa Conference League game in July 2022 when aged 25.
Yomov's argument was to blame his brother, who was said to have crushed steroid pills into smoothies made in a blender they both used at their parents' home. With no proof to back the theory, and other inconsistencies in evidence noted by the CAS judges, the appeal failed.
The three judges were split 2-1 and noted a four-year ban for Yomov "may be said to be harsh," the 33-page court ruling said.
"That said, the majority of the panel is bound to apply the rules, of which the player was aware, as they are set out," the CAS judges said. "There is no scope to act otherwise."
In a different football doping case at CAS, judges were swayed by parts of a player's argument of contamination by an anabolic steroid and cut his UEFA ban to two years.
Dinamo Zagreb player Arijan Ademi tested positive after a Champions League win over Arsenal and was able to persuade judges he had no intent to dope. Ademi could show he checked with team doctors about the supplement he used.
Few details of Pogba's case have been confirmed officially, and the Italian tribunal judges could take another month to give him their detailed reasons.
"When I am free of legal restrictions the full story will become clear, but I have never knowingly or deliberately taken any supplements that violate anti-doping regulations," the France midfielder wrote on Thursday on his Instagram account.
Pogba turns 31 on March 15, and his appeal to CAS could take at least several months to be heard and longer to reach a verdict.
The timeline of Halep's case has frustrated the former No. 1-ranked player, who was at CAS from Feb. 7-9 for an appeal hearing to challenge her ban for a positive test at the 2022 U.S. Open. The 32-year-old Romanian has blamed a contaminated supplement.
Valieva was banned for four years by a CAS panel in January. She tested positive for a banned heart medication that was belatedly revealed at the 2022 Beijing Olympics where she was a 15-year-old star.
A strawberry dessert made by her grandfather said to be taking the medication was offered as an explanation in court - another unproven excuse of contamination by food preparation that did not work at CAS.
"There are too many shortcomings in the evidence," the CAS judges said in the Valieva ruling, which is being challenged at Switzerland's supreme court in Lausanne.
Pogba's case has been dealt with relatively fast so far, but likely still has a long way to go. The Juventus player's agent is standing by him.
"Wise beyond his years," agent Rafaela Pimenta wrote of Pogba on Instagram, "clean to the soul."