The two organic compounds that were taken from an asteroid some 300 million kilometers (186.4 million miles) away may look unremarkable on the black particles they were found, like pieces of charcoal, but they are essential for living organisms and are a component of life itself.
Scientists have discovered the chemical compound uracil, one of the building blocks of RNA, in just 10 milligrams of material from the asteroid Ryugu, according to new research published on Tuesday.
The finding lends weight to a longstanding theory that life on Earth may have been seeded from outer space when asteroids crashed into our planet carrying fundamental elements.
It is some of the latest research from the analysis of 5.4 grams of rocks and dust gathered by the Hayabusa-2 probe from the asteroid Ryugu.
Hayabusa-2 was launched in 2014 and returned to Earth's orbit in late 2020 with a capsule containing the sample from the asteroid.
The precious cargo was divided between international research teams and has already yielded several insights, including that some of life's building blocks, amino acids, may have been formed in space.
The first drop of water discovered in a near-Earth asteroid has also been found among the samples.
The new research, published Tuesday in the journal Nature Communications, went looking for another foundation of life: The nucleobases of RNA.
While DNA, the famed double helix, functions as a genetic blueprint, single-strand RNA is an all-important messenger, converting the instructions in DNA for implementation.
Like DNA, it is made up of bases: Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
Scientists have previously found some or all of these bases in different asteroids that landed on Earth as meteorites. However, they could not be sure whether the chemicals came from outer space or were contaminated when they landed.
"Since every meteorite has landed on the surface of the Earth where microorganisms are ubiquitously present everywhere, it always makes the interpretation of the origin of such biologically important molecules in meteorites more complex," said Yasuhiro Oba, associate professor at Hokkaido University and an author of the research.
'Like brewing coffee'
Testing the Ryugu samples was a multi-phase process that began by putting them in hot water, like "brewing coffee or tea," Oba said.
Acid was then applied to extract molecules that were analyzed by extremely sensitive tools capable of detecting the minute quantities of uracil present.
The discovery offers "strong evidence that one of the RNA components has been provided to the Earth even before the emergence of life," Oba told Agence France-Presse (AFP).
"We expect it plays a role for prebiotic evolution and possibly the emergence of the first life," he said.
RNA's other bases were not found in the sample, though Oba believes they could be present at levels too low to be detected with the method used to find uracil.
He hopes to analyze new samples collected from space in the coming years, including Osiris-REx's material from the asteroid Bennu, expected to arrive this year.
Yoshinori Takano, a scientist at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology and author of the Ryugu research, said he was also keenly awaiting the Martian Moons eXploration project, set to launch from Japan next year and return around 2029.
It will collect samples from Phobos, one of the moons of Mars.
"I am sure it will be very hotly watched by organic cosmochemists for the next 10 years," said Takano.