The protection that vaccines offer has been questioned since even the early phases of vaccine development, and an advisory group of scientists has told the U.K. government that benefits gained from jabs – namely increased immunity against COVID-19 and a decrease in the severity of symptoms if a breakthrough infection occurs – are highly likely to wane over time, possibly prompting vaccination campaigns throughout the following years.

"It is highly likely that vaccine-induced immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection and potentially severe disease (but probably to a lesser extent) will wane over time," according to an executive summary of a document considered by the government's Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE).

"It is therefore likely that there will be vaccination campaigns against SARS-CoV-2 for many years to come, but currently we do not know what will be the optimal required frequency for re-vaccination to protect the vulnerable from COVID disease," the scientists said.

The document, titled "How long will vaccines continue to protect against COVID?", was written by prominent virologists and epidemiologists from Imperial College London, University of Birmingham and Public Health England.

Britain has approved and is using three shots – Oxford-AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna – in a mass vaccination program that started in December 2020.

Real world data show that these vaccines protect with 95% or greater effectiveness against the alpha variant that dominated in Britain in early 2021, the scientists said, although the ability of the shots to protect against infection and onward transmission was lower.

They said it might be expected that vaccine effectiveness would remain high for severe forms of the disease but that the effectiveness against mild disease and infection could fall off over time.

Anecdotal reports from Britain and Israel, which rolled out a comprehensive early campaign, supported that concept, they said.

Israel will begin offering a third shot of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine to people aged over 60, a world first in efforts to slow the spread of the highly contagious delta variant.

Since the emergence of the delta variant, the Israeli health ministry has twice reported a drop in the vaccine's efficacy against infection and a slight decrease in its protection against severe disease.

In a separate report to the U.K. government on July 22, scientists said there was a "realistic possibility" that new strains could emerge that could lead to more widespread severe disease or evade the impact of the current vaccines.

The emergence of such strains could lead to a return to tighter controls and lockdowns, with a consequent impact on economic activity.