By recycling fast food wrappers, water bottles and other waste that typically ends up in landfills or the Nile, enterprising young Egyptians are assisting in the fight against their nation's massive plastic waste problem.

At a factory on the outskirts of Cairo, run by their startup TileGreen, noisy machines gobble up vast amounts of plastic scraps of all colors, shred them and turn them into a thick liquid.

The sludge – made from all kinds of plastic, even single-use shopping bags – is then molded into dark, compact bricks used as outdoor pavers for walkways and garages.

"They're twice as strong as concrete," boasts co-founder Khaled Raafat, 24, slamming one onto the floor for emphasis.

Each tile takes about "125 plastic bags out of the environment," says his business partner Amr Shalan, 26, raising his voice above the din of the machines.

Raafat said the company uses even low-grade plastics and products "made of many different layers of plastic and aluminum that are nearly impossible to separate and recycle sustainably."

Egypt, the Arab world's most populous country, is also the most prominent plastic polluter in the Middle East and Africa, according to a multinational study by Science magazine.

The country generates more than three million tonnes of plastic waste annually, which piles up in streets and illegal landfills or finds its way into the Nile and the Mediterranean Sea.

Microplastics in the water concentrate on marine life, threatening the health of people who consume seafood and fish caught in Africa's mighty waterway – mirroring what has become a worldwide environmental scourge.

TileGreen, launched in 2021, aims to "recycle three billion to five billion plastic bags by 2025," said Shalan.

The startup last year started selling its outdoor tiles, of which it has produced some 40,000 so far, and plans to expand into other products usually made from cement.

Egypt, a country of 104 million, has pledged to more than halve its annual consumption of single-use plastics by 2030 and to build multiple new waste management plants.

For now, however, more than two-thirds of Egypt's waste is "inadequately managed," according to the World Bank – driving an ecological hazard environmental groups have been trying to tackle.

On the shores of the Nile island of Qursaya, some fishermen now collect and sort plastic trash they net from the river as part of an initiative by the group VeryNile.

As the Nile has become more polluted, the fishermen "could see their catches decreasing," said project manager Hany Fawzy, 47. "They knew this was their future and their children's future disappearing."

Over three-quarters of Cairo fish were found to contain microplastics in a 2020 study by a group of Danish and U.K.-based scientists published in the journal Toxics.

Off the port city of Alexandria, further north, microplastics were detected in 92% of fish caught, said a study last year by researchers at Egypt's National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries.

VeryNile started five years ago with a series of volunteer clean-up events, buys "between 10 and 12 tonnes of plastic a month" from 65 fishermen, paying them 14 Egyptian pounds (about 50 cents) per kilogram, Fawzy said.

VeryNile then compresses high-value plastic like water bottles and sends it to a recycling plant to be made into pellets.

Low-quality plastics such as food wrappers are incinerated to power a cement factory which, Fawzy said, keeps "the environment clean with air filters and a sensitive monitoring system."

"We can't clean up the environment in one spot just to pollute elsewhere," he said.

The Egyptian programs are part of a battle against a global scourge.

Less than 10% of the world's plastic is recycled, according to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

The OECD said last year that annual production of fossil-fuel-based plastics is set to top 1.2 billion tonnes by 2060, with waste exceeding one billion tonnes.

In Egypt, activists have hailed what they see as a youth-led push for sustainability, creating demand for environmentally-minded solutions and products.

But while the change is welcome, they say it remains insufficient.

"What these initiatives have done is find a way to create a value chain, and there's demand," said Mohamed Kamal, co-director of the environmental group Greenish.

"Anything that captures value from waste in Egypt is a good step forward. But it's not solving the problem. It can only scratch the surface."