According to new research, chain-reaction extinctions caused by climate change and habitat degradation are inevitable and will cause species to completely disappear from Earth, cascading through communities of animals and plants and driving dramatic biodiversity loss.

The study, in the journal Science Advances, found that chain-reaction extinctions are unavoidable and predicted Earth's ecosystems will see an average biodiversity loss of between 6% and 10% by 2050, depending on different carbon emissions scenarios.

By 2100, losses of animals and plants could rise to as much as 27%, they found in their research that used virtual Earths to map out thousands of food webs.

The authors said their modeling suggested that the most significant changes will come before mid-century, predicting "the bleakest time for natural communities might be imminent and that the next few decades will be decisive for the future of global biodiversity."

With life on Earth threatened by human destruction, overexploitation and pollution, scientists have warned that a million species face extinction in what many fear heralds the planet's sixth mass extinction event.

Climate change is expected to dramatically accelerate the losses, with impacts of warming ranging from the effects of extreme weather to changes in behavior and habitat.

But authors of the new study said the previous modeling had not included estimates for co-extinctions based on the "cascading effect" of losses on interdependent species.

The researchers in Australia and Europe built hundreds of virtual Earths, each populated with more than 33,000 vertebrate species in thousands of food webs across the planet – "massive computer latticeworks of 'who eats whom,'" said co-author Corey Bradshaw, a professor at Flinders University.

They then simulated different climate change scenarios and projections of habitat degradation – like deforestation – to predict local biodiversity loss and the proportion of animals lost in a given area.

'Life support'

The virtual worlds allowed researchers to watch as species moved around and adapted to new environmental conditions and the implications of individual extinctions across food webs.

They found that climate change would be responsible for the greatest proportion of extinction events.

"If you look out your window in 87 years, on average you'll see nearly 30% fewer animal species than you do today based on the business-as-usual climate scenario," Bradshaw told Agence France-Presse (AFP).

The study found the most significant threat was in places with the greatest biodiversity – 36 highly vulnerable areas containing the unique species.

"This is because the erosion of species-rich food webs makes biological communities more susceptible to future shocks," said Bradshaw, adding it was "a case of the rich losing their riches the fastest."

The research comes as a U.N. summit in Montreal attempts to seal a historic "peace pact with nature" and end the rampant destruction.

Global efforts to curb global warming have often eclipsed efforts to tackle the devastation being wrought on nature, but experts have increasingly warned that the two crises are inextricably linked.

"In many ways, biodiversity loss from climate change is far more serious than what climate change will do to human societies because biodiversity is the fabric of Earth's life-support system that makes our lives possible," said Bradshaw.

"The imperative of massive and rapid emissions-reduction policies is made much more urgent knowing this."