One of the world's biggest archaeological rescue operations was successfully concluded 50 years ago after a massive ancient Egyptian temple complex was dismantled and hoisted to higher ground to prevent its flooding by the damming of the Nile River.
The groundbreaking UNESCO-led project to relocate around 20 gigantic monuments in Abu Simbel complex was officially concluded on Sept. 22, 1968, after an eight-year international effort involving hundreds of workers. Here is a look back at the remarkable feat.
More than 2,500 years old
The two Abu Simbel temples - named after their village location - were carved out of cliffs overlooking the Nile in the time of Ramses II, the ruler of Egypt from 1298 to 1235 BC.
The larger has four colossal statues of a seated Ramses II at the entrance, through which there are a succession of rooms and galleries stretching back 63 meters (207 feet). The temples are among the jewels of the ancient Nubia region that extended down the Nile from Aswan in southern Egypt into present-day Sudan.
Threatened by Nile dam
In the 1950s, Egypt's president Gamal Abdel Nasser launched a project to dam the mighty Nile at Aswan in order to generate electricity for the region, increase cultivable land and reduce flooding.
The construction would create a huge artificial lake behind the dam wall, requiring the resettlement of tens of thousands of indigenous Nubians from villages in the area and also threatening monuments. Pharaonic and Greco-Roman temples including those of Abu Simbel risked being submerged.
Technical feat
In 1960, UNESCO, the UN organization dedicated to the preservation of culture, launched an appeal to save the temples. Several projects were put on the table but, too costly, they were quickly put aside.
Eventually a Swedish-Egyptian proposal was selected.
Work was launched on April 1, 1964 with the construction of a temporary dam to protect the site and the excavation of the cliff around the two temples.
The Abu Simbel temples were cut into 1,035 blocks each weighing between 20 and 30 tons. The four seated statues of Ramses II and six others of the king standing up were sawed into pieces.
Jacks, cranes and powerful winches hoisted the enormous stone weights to the top of the cliff, 64 meters (210 feet) from their original location.
There, the blocks were reassembled to reconstitute the two temples exactly as they were.
Artificial hills were then created around the site as a protective barrier against the river.
For four years about 800 laborers and 100 technicians worked in the desert under a red-hot sun to complete the project, which cost $36 million.
An international effort
At a ceremony on Sept. 22, 1968 to mark the completion, UNESCO director general Rene Maheu said it was "the first time that we have seen international cooperation in action on such a scale in the sphere of culture."
It was an "unparalleled undertaking, in which over 50 countries... have combined their efforts to save the artistic and historical treasures of the temples of Abu Simbel."
The original site is today completely submerged by Lake Nasser.
Follow-up rescue
An operation - also part of UNESCO's Nubia Campaign - to save the temple complex on Philae island, around a dozen kilometers upstream from Aswan, started in 1972.
Involving 40 archaeological missions from around the world, it ran for eight years and cost more than $30 million. About 20 temples, statues and monuments known as "the jewel of the Nile" were dismantled and transported, stone-by-stone, to the nearby Agilkia island, on higher ground.
UNESCO director general Amadou Mahtar M'Bow praised the "wealth of talent, energy, experience and capital" mobilized to save the Nubia monuments. "Nowhere, perhaps, has the sacred art of Egypt defied time so majestically as in Nubia, part of which is vanishing before our eyes today," he said.