Saudi Arabia has lost nearly $250 billion of its cash assets in the last years, according to an official report by the country's monetary authority, raising concerns about the oil-rich kingdom's economy amid three years of slumping oil prices, a costly two and a half years of war in its southern neighbor Yemen and the recent crisis with Qatar.
The Middle East Eye website reported that the country's assets had declined for 14 months in a row, reaching $509 billion at the end of July, according to an official report by the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA), which acts as the country's central bank.
The loss of value stood at 932 billion Saudi riyals ($249 billion) between August 2014-July 2017.
The annual decrease in assets was 12.4 percent, bringing the country to the lowest level in six years, the report said.
The report acknowledged the loss through Riyadh's expansion of its sovereign wealth fund to invest abroad.
This year, an austerity drive and a partial rebound in oil prices have helped Riyadh make progress in cutting the deficit -- which narrowed 71 percent from a year ago to 26 billion riyals ($6.9 billion) in the first quarter, Reuters reported.
But net foreign assets have continued to shrink at about the same rate, by $36 billion in the first four months of 2017 -- a mystery to economists and diplomats monitoring Saudi Arabia, and a potential blow to markets' confidence in Riyadh.
"This suggests that there remains a significant deficit in the balance of payments of Saudi Arabia, which is not due to declining oil export revenues," said Khatija Haque, head of regional research at Emirates NBD, Dubai's biggest bank.
Saudi officials have not commented in detail on the reasons for the reserves drop, though some have suggested it is due to private sector activity, not government spending.
Some analysts have speculated the fall is due to spending on Saudi Arabia's military intervention in Yemen.
This is unlikely; a top Saudi official indicated in late 2015 that the intervention -- largely a limited air campaign, not a major ground war -- was costing about $7 billion annually, in line with estimates by foreign military experts.
Others speculate capital flight from Saudi Arabia may be sapping the reserves. But data from the central bank -- the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority (SAMA) -- on foreign exchange transactions by commercial banks does not support this theory either.
"Capital flight has diminished as an issue. Outflows in 2016 were pretty small beer compared with 2015, when there were significant outflows," said an economist at a Saudi bank.
An international banker in touch with Saudi authorities said much of the decline in foreign assets appeared due to the transfer of money to state funds investing abroad -- particularly the main sovereign wealth fund, the Public Investment Fund (PIF).
Riyadh plans to invest big amounts overseas to win access to technology and boost returns on its capital. The PIF has said it will invest up to $45 billion over five years in a technology fund created by Japan's Softbank, and $20 billion in an infrastructure fund planned by U.S. firm Blackstone.
Transfers to the PIF would not represent any reduction in the government's total wealth, but they would mean a cut in the liquid assets which the central bank has available to defend the riyal if needed. The PIF declined to comment.
A fresh slump in oil prices also looks likely to pressure foreign assets. Brent oil averaged $54.57 in the first quarter of this year; it has since plunged to around $46, just $1 above its average price last year.
This, combined with a minor relaxation of austerity in recent weeks to head off a recession, may mean Riyadh's budget deficit for all of 2017 comes close to its original projection of 198 billion riyals ($52.79 billion), or possibly a little higher.
That would be an improvement from last year's 297 billion riyals, but combined with transfers to the PIF, it would force further liquidation of the central bank's foreign assets.
"Going forward, the decline is likely to continue given the projected budget deficit for the whole year, which would probably require withdrawals from foreign reserves to finance it," said Said al-Sheikh, group chief economist at National Commercial Bank, the largest Saudi bank.
Riyadh's heavy foreign borrowing -- it issued $9 billion of sukuk abroad in April -- gives it financial flexibility but does not increase its net foreign assets, since the debt is recorded as a liability, Sheikh said.
The government has said it plans to resume domestic bond issues later this year after a gap of more than half a year. A senior finance ministry official estimated last month that local bonds would cover 25 to 35 percent of the 2017 deficit; this would leave a sizeable amount to be covered with foreign assets.
At $493 billion as of the end of April, SAMA's net foreign assets remain enough to defend the riyal for years -- they would pay for four years of imports.
Nevertheless, a rise in the cost of insuring Saudi debt against default this month, to its highest level since early February, suggests concern may be increasing.