As several European borders limit travel to stop the spread of COVID-19, two of the world's biggest pulp makers say transportation logjams are delaying shipments of the raw material – the only ingredient needed to produce toilet paper, a product people have been hoarding to weather quarantine conditions.

In March, a number of countries including Norway, Germany and Spain shut their borders to nonessential travel. Freight can still pass through but enforcing the new rules holds up deliveries to cargo trains and vessels bound for warehouses and factories in North America and China.

As a result, Finland's Metsa Fibre and Sweden's Södra Cell International told Reuters that truckloads of pulp going through Europe had been getting caught in traffic jams for hours and even days.

Pulp-based products – like Kimberly-Clark's Cottonelle toilet paper and P&G's Pampers diapers – are among the most sought-after goods worldwide as people stay home to slow the spread of COVID-19. While consumer companies currently have enough stock of most products to meet the unprecedented demand, they are urgently ramping up production so they have inventory on hand if quarantines extend.

Even brief delays of pulp will stop machines from running – a waste of time and money that will drive up costs.

"Normally you don't need to worry about transportation; is it on time? Has it left? Is it in cargo? We have to have more communication to minimize the risk," said Ari Harmaala, head of sales at Metsä Fibre, the world's second-largest softwood pulp producer and a vendor to Kimberly-Clark.

To meet deadlines, pulp suppliers are hunting for new drivers, putting more trucks on the road and redirecting shipments, industry data firm Pulp & Paper Industry Intelligence (PPI) said. That is prompting some pulp suppliers to shift to railways for deliveries, according to Steven Sachoff, editor for PPI Europe. Many truck drivers are also quitting because they don't want to risk getting sick far from their homes. Metsa and Södra said they have not missed deadlines so far.

"Consumer products are so unique to each company that often, the specific ingredients needed can only be provided by a few suppliers," said Michael Reynen, a former P&G product developer in Europe. If a company can only use one type of raw material, it cannot be delayed, Reynen said.

Made from wood chips or recycled paper, softwood pulp costs about $455 a ton and is a key part of tampons, sanitary pads and diapers. To make toilet paper, softwood pulp is combined with hardwood pulp – made from trees like eucalyptus – which costs about $565 a ton. As many as 1,000 rolls of toilet paper use the pulp of one eucalyptus tree.

'The hoarding effect'

Data firm PPI said this month that several suppliers across the industry had reported increased demand from tissue and toilet paper makers. PPI said the rise in calls is also a result of supplier inventories tightening after many producers cut excess inventories before the pandemic to get over a yearlong pulp supply glut.

"All of them are concerned about this and want to know what kind of war plan we have if there is a shortage or if there will be delays," Södra sales director Marcus Hellberg told Reuters. Södra, a supplier to P&G and Kimberly-Clark, harvests pulp from more than 2.5 million hectares of pine and spruce trees to make just under 2 million tons of softwood pulp a year.

"It's the hoarding effect that creates this tension in supply."

Klabin S.A., a top Brazilian pulp producer, told Reuters it has seen a jump in demand for softwood pulp from consumer companies worried about possible delays in deliveries of imported pulp from Argentina and the United States.

P&G, which makes Charmin toilet paper, said it is trying to get U.S. tissue products to retailers "as fast as humanly possible" making and shipping them "at record high levels." The company – which uses European pulp in many personal hygiene products and North American and Latin American pulp to make tissue – recently restarted an idled toilet paper production line at a plant in Albany, Georgia.

Rival Kimberly-Clark said it is also speeding up production and reallocating inventory to meet the high demand. P&G and Kimberly-Clark declined to comment about whether their pulp supply chains had been disrupted.

Sweden's Essity, the world's second-largest consumer tissue maker and owner of the Tork brand, told Reuters it is seeing transportation delays, but that it currently has enough pulp to weather them.

Just over 64 million tons of pulp were produced last year, 38% of which was used in products like toilet paper, kitchen towels and face tissues, according to the Pulp and Paper Products Council. Tampons, diapers and pads need about 5 million to 6 million tons. China is the biggest consumer of pulp, followed by North America and Western Europe.

Globally, more than 1.34 million people have been infected and at least 76,000 have died due to the coronavirus, which originated in Wuhan, China.

"Now is the moment to make toilet paper – we'll have to make sure that we can produce and deliver as much pulp as possible," Metsa Fibre's Harmaala said.