Australia's central bank raised Tuesday interest rates, bringing them to a 12-year high, ending four months of steady policy. However, it left it open whether even more tightening would be required to bring stubborn inflation to heel.

Wrapping up its November policy meeting, the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) raised its cash rate by 25 basis points to 4.35%, saying recent data suggested there was a risk inflation would remain higher for longer.

"Whether further tightening of monetary policy is required to ensure that inflation returns to target in a reasonable timeframe will depend upon the data and the evolving assessment of risks," RBA Governor Michele Bullock said in a statement.

This was a step back from the October decision, which stated that some further tightening "may be required," and was taken by markets as a sign this might be the last hike of the cycle.

As a result, the local dollar slid 0.8% to $0.6435, and bond futures rallied as investors lengthened the odds of a further rise in December.

"It was a dovish hike ... it's not pointing to any immediate need for a follow-up," said Rob Thompson, rates strategist at RBC Capital Markets.

"You'd think they'd have opened the door to a bit more than this, but they are just trying to do as little as possible. The hurdle to hike is high."

Markets had favored a move this week, given policymakers had warned they had little tolerance for inflation, which had surprised on the high side in the third quarter.

Inflation proves stubborn

This was Bullock's first rate change since taking over as governor in September and could go some way to burnish her inflation-fighting credentials.

Economic growth has already slowed to a two-year low of 2.1%, and the RBA sees it approaching 1% in 2024 as the full impact of higher rates bites.

Rates have now risen by 425 basis points since May last year, adding thousands of dollars to average mortgage repayments in easily the most aggressive cycle on record for the RBA.

A hike had seemed possible since consumer price inflation topped forecasts in the third quarter to run at 5.4%, well above the RBA's long-term target range of 2-3%.

Bullock noted the central bank's own forecasts for the consumer price index (CPI) had been lifted to 3.5% by the end of 2024 from 3.3%, while inflation would only reach the top of the target band by the end of 2025.

The hike puts the RBA in the odd position of being one of the few developed world central banks still tightening, with markets convinced rates in the United States, Canada and Europe have peaked.

The RBA Board had been prepared to tolerate a somewhat slower decline in inflation to keep Australia at full employment, an economic feat not achieved since the 1950s.

Their patience ran out as inflation proved stickier than hoped in the service sector, while house prices rebounded to record highs and unemployment stayed historically low at 3.6%.