Black tubes stretching two stories high fill a massive tank with salty brine sucked from deep below ground of a dusty plain in northern Argentina's mountains, a center of excavation for French mining giant Eramet.
The brine contains lithium, a silvery-white metal essential for making electric vehicle (EV) batteries and is in high demand as the world shifts to green energy.
Eramet is attempting to use an innovative technique, known as direct lithium extraction, or DLE, in a race for cleaner, faster and cheaper ways to produce the metal with less water.
Unlike traditional methods, there are no pools of brine spanning the size of football fields where lithium is left behind after the liquid evaporates in the sun.
DLE, which extracts the metal much more quickly, could be critical to global production, given that 70% of the world's lithium is found in brine rather than rock or clay.
Eramet is being closely watched by competitors from the U.S. to Chile, who are also working to commercialize DLE. It aims to pump out its first ton of lithium carbonate in November and scale up to 24,000 metric tons a year by mid-2025.
The $870 million project in the northern province of Salta puts Argentina, the world's No. 4 lithium producer, in the spotlight ahead of projects due online in the country in the coming months from mining giant Rio Tinto, South Korea's Posco and Chinese miners Zijin and Ganfeng.
Argentina's new production should about double its capacity, narrowing the gap with Chile, Latin America's top producer. Some analysts say it could overtake Chile around the end of the decade, even if hurdles remain.
The exact timing for the ramp-up of Eramet's Centenario plant, co-owned with Chinese nickel and steel giant Tsingshan, remains uncertain.
"It's a complex plant," CEO Christel Bories said in an interview. "The challenge is always whether we will be able to reach the nominal capacity and when."
For over a decade, Eramet, which produces manganese, nickel and mineral sands elsewhere, tried different technologies before opting to develop a process largely in-house.
The need to tailor the extraction method to a specific brine deposit, each with its own concentration of lithium and other metals, is part of DLE's complexity.
It will take time to see if Eramet's strategy pans out, said Joe Lowry, an industry consultant. "The proof will be sustained consistent production of battery-quality products and it is too early to say this will happen with any degree of certainty."
The first batch of brine will not be ready for the direct extraction phase until August, engineers told Reuters last week, as dozens of workers in red thermal jackets inspected the plant.
Wild vicuna, similar to llamas, darted around the site at an altitude of 4,000 meters (13,100 ft), five hours drive from the nearest city.
Eramet's DLE depends on a tailor-made material that soaks up lithium from brine like a sponge and sits inside a row of blue tanks, each big enough to fit an SUV. Impurities like sodium chloride, or table salt, can then be largely washed away.
The material called a sorbent, works at room temperature, unlike some forms of DLE that can require heating, and yields 90% lithium, compared to 40% or 50% in evaporation ponds. The technique allows Eramet to produce a ton of lithium carbonate in one week versus a year with traditional methods.
Eramet plans to ultimately pump brine in a continuous cycle from 20 nearby wells that stretch 400 meters (1,312 ft) deep. Before that can happen, it must finish the critical commissioning phase.
Pipeline valves need to open properly. Computers must sync with several thousand sensors. An evaporating chamber shaped like a spaceship has to avoid temperature swings.
"You go step by step, ensuring you can get to the next phase," said engineer Soledad Gamarra. "There's the option to take pauses, but we really don't want that to happen."
Eramet's process aims to recycle 60% of the water, eventually moving up to 80%, reflecting the industry's goal to offset controversy around the large volumes of water required by many types of DLE, especially in arid areas. International Battery Metals, which is close to launching DLE near Salt Lake City in the U.S. state of Utah, aims to recycle more than 98% of its water.
Some environmentalists say Eramet's project is the latest threat to previously untouched salt flats.
"They are a perfect system of equilibrium, of life," said Mara Puntano, an activist in Salta who represents indigenous communities.
Eramet will seek certification under the rigorous standards of the Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance and aims to cut water use and chemicals at a planned second plant, which is estimated to cost $800 million.
"Phase two, technology-wise, will be a big step of progress," Tsingshan's South America head, John Li, said in an interview.
Tsingshan and Eramet will scout for buyers in China and elsewhere in Asia, they said. Despite a lithium supply glut that has depressed prices and forced some mining companies to pull back, Bories said Eramet had a healthy margin, with current prices more than double its cash costs per ton.
