The World Trade Organization (WTO) opened Monday a high-level ministerial meeting in Abu Dhabi that gathered participants from nearly every country, calling for consensus as geopolitical tensions and the impending U.S. election undermine chances of a significant breakthrough or major deals.

The WTO's 13th ministerial conference (MC13), scheduled to run until Thursday in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) capital, is the first in two years.

The WTO is hoping for progress, particularly in fishing, agriculture and electronic commerce.

But big deals are unlikely as the body's rules require full consensus among all 164 member states – a tall order in the current climate.

Adding to the challenges for those gathering in the UAE is Israel's war on Gaza and related attacks by Yemeni rebels on ships in the Red Sea, a campaign that has disrupted global maritime trade.

Speaking at the opening ceremony of the Abu Dhabi meeting, WTO Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala called on trade ministers "to reach consensus on MC13 decisions" this week.

"Looking around, uncertainty and instability are everywhere," the WTO chief said, adding that the world is in an "even tougher place today" compared to two years ago when WTO trade ministers last met.

Athaliah Lesiba Molokomme, chairperson of the WTO's general council, said the work facing trade ministers at MC13 "is more important than ever" in light of global challenges.

"Amid growing economic uncertainties and geopolitical tensions, we must collectively ensure that the WTO is fit to respond to the challenges of today," she said.

'Miracle'

During the WTO's last ministerial meeting, held at its Geneva headquarters in June 2022, trade ministers nailed down a historic deal banning fisheries subsidies harmful to marine life and agreed to a temporary patent waiver for COVID-19 vaccines.

They also committed themselves to reestablishing a dispute settlement system that Washington had brought to a grinding halt in 2019 after years of blocking the appointment of new judges to the WTO's appeals court.

"Replicating the success, the miracle, of MC12 in 2022 will be extremely challenging," European Trade Commissioner Valdis Dombrovskis said this month.

"Negotiations on the big-ticket items" – such as fisheries, agriculture and the e-commerce moratorium – will "remain open until the final phase of the conference," he added.

"Negotiations on dispute settlement reform and potentially some parts of the outcome document will also be challenging."

However, the WTO faces pressure to eke out progress on reform in Abu Dhabi ahead of the possible reelection of Donald Trump as U.S. president.

During his four years in office from 2017 to 2021, Trump threatened to pull the United States out of the trade body and disrupted its ability to settle disputes.

"There will be the U.S. elections in November ... so this is the last chance," a diplomatic source in Geneva told Agence France-Presse (AFP) on condition of anonymity.

"Postponing anything until after MC13 is not a good strategy."

Earlier this month, U.S. Trade Representative Katherine Tai underlined Washington's "commitment to reforming the WTO and creating a more durable multilateral trading system."

But Marcelo Olarreaga, an economics professor at the University of Geneva, said the other members of the WTO "cannot expect huge concessions" from the administration of U.S. President Joe Biden in an election year.

'Fragmentation'

While there is doubt over progress at the WTO on major issues such as agriculture, there is hope for small advances on other fronts, particularly aid for developing countries.

On Monday, two new countries, the Comoros and East Timor, are expected to be accepted as WTO members.

More than 120 countries and regions, including China and the European Union, but not the United States, issued a ministerial declaration Sunday, marking the finalization of an agreement aimed at facilitating international investments in development.

They also issued a submission requesting the official integration of the deal into the WTO, but some diplomats fear opposition from India, which rejects any agreement that does not include all member states.

But amid the difficulty of obtaining full consensus, more and more plurilateral agreements – deals with a narrower number of signatories – are being reached, applying only to the participating countries.

"High expectations from developing nations following the financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as economic tensions due to inflation ... (add to the) risk of fragmentation of the global economy," a European diplomat told AFP on condition of anonymity.