Britain’s economy contracted in October, official data showed Wednesday, in a major test to the Bank of England’s (BoE) determination to uphold its stringent position against signaling any cuts to interest rates from their 15-year high.

Gross domestic product (GDP) fell by 0.3% from September, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) said. A Reuters poll of economists had pointed to no change in GDP in October.

It was the first time since July that GDP had shrunk on a month-by-month basis. The sterling fell by about a third of a cent against the U.S. dollar and was weaker against the euro too.

Investors added to their bets on the BoE starting to cut interest rates in June 2024.

However, the central bank is widely expected to keep the Bank Rate at 5.25% on Thursday and signal once again that it is not close to cutting them as it tries to ensure that Britain's still-high inflation rate is brought under control.

Paul Dales, chief U.K. economist at Capital Economics, said the October GDP reading suggested Britain might be in a recession.

"That may nudge the Bank of England a little closer to cutting interest rates, although when leaving rates at 5.25% tomorrow, the Bank will probably push back against the idea of near-term rate cuts," Dales said.

In the three months to October, GDP flat-lined, the ONS said, weaker than the Reuters poll forecast of a 0.1% increase.

Britain’s economy avoided a contraction in the July-to-September period – when it also showed no change – but some analysts think it remains at risk of a shallow recession in late 2023 and early 2024 after the BoE’s increases in interest rates.

The economy has flat-lined through most of 2023, with its output now back at its January level.

Treasury chief Jeremy Hunt said it was inevitable that the economy would feel the hit from higher interest rates but it was well placed to start growing again after he announced cuts to some business taxes last month.

"It is inevitable GDP will be subdued while interest rates are doing their job to bring down inflation. But the big reductions in business taxation announced in the Autumn Statement mean the economy is now well placed to start growing again," Hunt said after the data.

The ONS data on Wednesday showed Britain’s dominant services sector shrank by 0.2% in October while manufacturing and construction contracted by 1.1% and 0.5%, respectively.

The economy was 2% bigger than immediately before the COVID-19 pandemic hit Britain in early 2020, a stronger performance than thought before recent ONS data revisions but another weak period for living standards nonetheless.

Prime Minister Rishi Sunak and Hunt have promised to speed up economic growth, but no significant pickup is expected before a national election that Sunak must call before January 2025.

"October’s negative outturn puts the prime minister’s target to get the economy growing in jeopardy, with high inflation and borrowing costs likely to suppress economic activity in November and December," Suren Thiru, economics director at ICAEW, an accountancy body, said.

Separate data showed Britain posted a larger-than-expected goods trade deficit in October at 17 billion pounds (about $21.3 billion), against expectations for a 14 billion-pound gap.

Exports to the European Union – which is similarly at risk of recession – fell sharply. Adjusted for inflation, goods exports to the bloc that Britain used to belong to fell for a third month in a row and hit their lowest level since mid-2009 excluding the large swings seen during the COVID-19 pandemic.