Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) that have under control nearly $12 trillion in assets are unlikely to quickly dismantle the impediments in the way of urgently needed increases to their climate investments, even as COP28 talks seek to close the funding gap.
Funds such as those of Norway and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the COP28 host, face obstacles including mandates that require predictable returns that make it hard to find enough sustainable projects in which they can invest.
So far sovereign wealth funds, the largest of which are sustained by oil, have committed less than $10 billion to the climate cause, even though a dozen interviews with sovereign wealth funds and analysts who track them showed that funds, big and small, are increasingly concerned with the energy transition.
"I'm not seeing a wide-ranging investment strategy against climate change in funds around the world," said Bernardo Bortolotti, director of the Sovereign Investment Lab at Bocconi University in Milan. "With the notable exception of Singapore and New Zealand, the commitments so far have been lackluster, accounting for less than 5% of total sustainable investments."
Some smaller funds, such as those in Nigeria and Bahrain, are boosting renewables or carbon offsetting, while a survey published in November showed more than a third of public funds planned to increase allocations to green bonds and assets.
However, the outright level of cash that sovereign wealth funds have put toward renewable energy and other sustainable investments has stagnated.
Research by the Center for the Governance of Change at Spain's IE University tallied global sovereign wealth funds' sustainable investments – everything from renewable energy to recycling and sustainable agriculture – at $9.3 billion last year – below the 2018 peak of $9.6 billion.
During and after the pandemic, analysts said caution increased as a deteriorating world economic outlook drove investors to safer assets and sapped investment appetite for unpredictable green technology.
The limited sovereign wealth investment compares with their $11.6 trillion of assets under management, while the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) estimates of $5.8 trillion of the global sustainable finance market.
Figures from the International Forum of Sovereign Wealth Funds (IFSWF) and the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) similarly show sovereign wealth fund investments are stuck.
"From the numbers we track...we haven't seen growth," said Ute Collier, acting director for knowledge, policy and finance at IRENA.
U.N.-commissioned research found the world needs $125 trillion by 2050 to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions; UNCTAD pegged the annual developing world funding gap at $4 trillion. The U.N. and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) are among those turning to sovereign wealth funds to fill it.
There are roughly 100 sovereign wealth funds worldwide and they include those launched even by cash-poor countries.
Some run assets, such as state-owned airlines or telecoms, while others facilitate foreign investment at home.
The top 10, dominated by oil wealth, control 90% of the assets.
Set up by governments, more than 30 sovereign wealth funds, including seven of the top 10, back the Santiago Principles, meaning they pledge to make independent investment decisions, rather than taking direction from government, as a way of inspiring international confidence.
Mandates also include ensuring predictable returns – similar to those sought by pension funds that aim to safeguard rich-world workers' retirement pots.
This limits the scope to boost money for renewables, sustainable agriculture or energy storage.
"Returns are just too low," Jim Krane, the Wallace S. Wilson Fellow for Energy Studies at Rice University's Baker Institute told Reuters. "The sovereign wealth fund mandate is to maximize returns, so they look elsewhere."
A source at one fund signed on to the Santiago Principles said that it could invest in climate goals, but "on the rationale of investing for financial returns."
The UAE, whose COP presidency has come under criticism because of its closeness to the oil industry, used the talks to announce a $30 billion climate-focused vehicle, bypassing some of its largest sovereign wealth funds, which are signed on to the Santiago Principles.
The world's largest fund, Norway's Norges Bank, has evicted big polluters from its portfolio and created sustainable investment goals. A Norges spokesperson said they were in regular contact with other sovereign wealth funds to discuss responsible investment, including on climate.
Sources at the wealth funds, speaking on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to speak publicly, say that internally, they see increasing value in trying to green their portfolios, and even reach net zero.
"Equity investments through SWFs are organically heading in that direction," one source close to a Gulf fund told Reuters.
The One Planet Sovereign Wealth Fund (OPSWF) Network is also working to create the framework funds needed to boost these investments, including by improving the climate data for all investors and by identifying what could help emerging countries attract private capital – including from sovereign wealth funds – to their energy transition plans.
Lawrence Yanovitch, the OPSWF coordinator, said that funds are "stepping up their pace."
"We see it in the way in which members are integrating climate issues into their portfolios by hiring expert staff and engaging in training and peer exchanges," Yanovitch said.
At COP28 on Monday, IE University, the International Forum of Sovereign Wealth Funds and the U.N. Joint Sustainable Development Goals Fund launched an initiative to connect African sovereign wealth funds with sustainable investments and to help attract private capital. They intend to eventually expand to other regions.
IE's Javier Capape said the cash stagnation was temporary; the 66 sovereign wealth fund "green" deals in 2022 were four times that of the average of the previous four years.
"They are adapting," Capape said. "The overall trend is more institutional money going into green sectors."
Others said the real change would take longer.
"A coordinated effort by larger institutional investors, including sovereign wealth funds and major pension funds, can make a difference," said Bortolotti of the Sovereign Investment Lab. "But a change in strategy is needed: SWFs should not be wary to embrace sustainability in their mission and mandate."
