Greek grower Konstantinos Markou brushes aside the fresh growth shoots in an olive grove on the outskirts of Athens to uncover the stump of a tree, one of about 150 years old, he claimed, one of 15 that was cut down on his neighbor’s land by thieves hoping to make money off of it.
Surging olive oil prices, driven in part by two years of drought in Spain, has meant opportunity for criminals across the Mediterranean. Warehouse break-ins, dilution of premium oil with inferior products and falsification of shipping data are rising in the olive-growing heartlands of Greece, Spain and Italy. And perhaps worst of all, Gangs use chainsaws to steal heavily laden branches and even entire trees from unguarded groves.
"The olive robbers can sometimes produce more oil than the owners themselves – seriously," Markou said before heading off to patrol his own grove at nightfall.
The crimes mean fewer olives for growers already contending with high production costs and climate change, bringing warmer winters, major flooding and more intense forest fires. In Italy’s southern Puglia region, growers are pleading with police to form an agriculture division. Greek farmers want to bring back a rural police division that was phased out in 2010. In Spain, a company has developed tracking devices that look like olives to try and catch thieves.
The olive groves outside Athens are part of a tradition that stretches back to antiquity, on plains surrounding the city’s international airport. Some trees are centuries old.
Most of the thefts are branches. When an entire tree is cut down, the thieves typically cut it up and load the pieces into a pickup truck, selling the wood to lumber yards or firewood vendors and taking the olives to an oil mill.
"The (robbers) look for heavily loaded branches and they cut them," said Neilos Papachristou, who runs an olive mill and nearby grove in a fourth-generation family business. "So, not only do they steal our olives, but they cause the tree serious harm. It takes 4-5 years for it to return to normal."
The thefts drive some growers to harvest early, which means accepting lower yields to avoid long-term damage to their trees. That includes Christos Bekas, who was among the farmers at Papachristou’s mill who were dumping their crops into stainless steel loading bins, untying sacks and tipping over tall wicker baskets from the back of their pickup trucks.
Bekas, who owns 5,000 olive trees, suffered repeated raids by thieves before deciding to take an early harvest. That has required over 2 1/2 times as many olives by weight to produce a kilogram of oil as last year, he said.
"And all this after we’ve been spending nights guarding our fields," he said. "The situation is appalling."
After decades of growth, the global olive oil market has been disrupted by a nearly two-year drought in Spain, which typically accounts for about 40% of the world supply. It’s expected to shrink global production to 2.5 million metric tons this crop year, down from 3.4 million a year earlier.
Benchmark prices in Spain, Greece and Italy for extra virgin oil reached 9 euros ($4.35 per pound) in September, more than tripling from their level in 2019.
That’s translated to higher prices for consumers. In Greece, a 1-liter bottle of extra virgin oil jumped from $8 to $9 last year to as much as $15 this year.
Spanish police said in October they had retrieved 91 tons of stolen olives in recent weeks. In February, six people were arrested in southern Greece for stealing 8 tons of olive oil in a series of warehouse break-ins over several weeks.
Farmers around Italy’s southwestern port city of Bari say thieves have become increasingly brazen, snatching tractors and expensive equipment along with olives.
The regional agricultural association pleaded for police assistance following reports that 100 olive trees were destroyed or seriously damaged in a single incident last month. Gennaro Sicolo, the association’s leader, called the economic damage "enormous" and said "farmers must be protected."
"This is a felony," Markou, the Greece grower, said of the tree-cutting. "You kill your own history here."