The resilience of Russia's economy has surprised many observers over the past year as Moscow adjusts to unprecedented Western sanctions over its assault on Ukraine.
But in a rare public admission, Russian President Vladimir Putin warned of possible economic troubles ahead late last month and urged the government to act quickly.
"The sanctions imposed against the Russian economy in the medium term could really have a negative impact," Putin said at a televised meeting.
It was a significant change of tone after Putin earlier said the worst was over, praising the benefits of "economic sovereignty" and insisting that the West's sanctions strategy has backfired.
What exactly is Putin's message?
"Mr. Putin's observation is quite simply realistic," said Arnaud Dubien, director of the Franco-Russian Observatory think tank in Moscow.
Dubien, a veteran Russia expert, said Putin is seeking to mobilize companies and government officials further as Russia is cutting ties with the West.
"The situation is better than expected but does not relax, continue to find alternatives," he said, describing the Kremlin chief's logic.
Alexandra Prokopenko, a former Russian central bank official, suggested that Putin's message primarily targeted companies hit hard by sanctions.
"It's a message to businesses," said Prokopenko, who worked at the central bank between 2017 and 2022 and quit after the start of Moscow's assault on Ukraine.
"You're only safe in Russia under my charge; there's no way back," she said, referring to his possible thinking.
More than a year into Moscow's offensive in Ukraine, the Russian economy is increasingly dependent on energy exports to Asia, slipping further behind in many high-value sectors. In addition, an exodus of hundreds of thousands of Russians and the Kremlin's mobilization drive have led to labor force shortages.
Dubien pointed to particular problems in the car industry, which thrived when leading foreign carmakers set up shop in Russia in the early 2000s.
"The sectors most affected by the sanctions, such as automotive production, are those that were most open to investment and international cooperation," he said.
In late March, Russia's flagship carmaker AvtoVAZ said several parts suppliers were halting deliveries, prompting the struggling company to bring forward an annual holiday.
Prokopenko, who now researches Russian government policymaking at the Berlin-based German Council on Foreign Relations, said that sectors linked to the military-industrial complex – optics, pharmaceuticals and metal production – are "where the economy is doing its best."
Sergei Tsyplakov, a professor at Moscow's Higher School of Economics, warned that the Kremlin's much-vaunted pivot to China and India could not solve all the problems.
"Although the Russian economy did not collapse immediately after the imposition of sanctions, the situation remains difficult," he said.
Many economists expect the economic outlook to darken in the coming months.
Prokopenko pointed out that the windfall from sky-high energy prices helped Russia weather the initial shock from the unprecedented sanctions.
"This isn't going to happen this year," she said.
"In 2023, there's no sign to expect that Russia will get this extra income."
In February, Moscow's revenue from oil exports plummeted by 42% compared to last year, according to the International Energy Agency.
The re-orientation of Russia, once Europe's leading gas supplier, towards Asian markets is expected to take time.
Putin, observers say, has a vital interest in seeing high energy revenue if he wants to finance Moscow's assault on Ukraine and keep dissent at home at bay.
Prokopenko said she saw "lots of problems" ahead.
"In the short-term perspective, the Russian economy isn't doing badly; it's still functioning," she said, stressing that finding new partners would take time.
"The future is foggy."
Dubien estimated that Putin could afford to bankroll the offensive in Ukraine for another "three to four years" but warned that the economy faces years of further backsliding.
"It has already lost the equivalent of a decade of development since 2014," he said, referring to the year when the West slapped Russia with sanctions over the annexation of Crimea from Ukraine.
"It could now lose a second one as well."
