Bread prices have jumped so much over the past few years that Russian pensioner Oleg Ivanovich sometimes has to go without it.
But the 67-year-old says he doesn't mind having to make sacrifices for the sake of Russia's military offensive on Ukraine.
"We'll bear with it. When the special military operation ends, prices will return to normal," he told Agence France-Presse (AFP) in Moscow, using the official Russian term for the offensive.
Surging prices – annual inflation came in at a little over 9% in August – is just one of the economic headaches Russia is grappling with as it has increasingly militarized its economy since ordering troops into Ukraine in February 2022.
Moscow has funneled billions of dollars to its army, soldiers, their families and weapons makers to sustain its military campaign – a spending splurge that helped it defy Western hopes that sanctions would push it into economic collapse.
But after warning for months that the economy was overheating, the country's central bank has lately started mentioning the possibility of another, possibly more challenging development: stagflation.
"The shortage of (labor) resources may lead to a situation where economic growth slows down, despite all the efforts to stimulate demand, with all that stimulus accelerating inflation," Central Bank Governor Elvira Nabiullina said over the summer.
"In essence, this is a stagflation scenario, which can only be stopped at the cost of a deep recession," she warned.
Stagflation – a period of low or stagnant growth accompanied by high inflation – would present a fresh headache for the Kremlin, which has, until now, navigated the economic fallout of its offensive on Ukraine better than most believed possible.
Moscow has increased government spending by almost 50% since sending troops into Ukraine, pushing up growth and wages.
Unemployment is at a record low, and consumer confidence has reached its highest level in 15 years.
But an exodus of skilled and unskilled workers – who fled mobilization or joined the army – has created millions of unfilled vacancies. Sanctions on Western technology have also hit productivity and damaged supply chains.
"In the long-term, these demographic factors and technological issues will result in very low economic growth," Ruben Enikolopov, a Russian professor at the Barcelona School of Economics, told AFP.
"There is a high probability of a stagflation scenario in 2025 and the years after. It's not a certainty, but high likelihood," he added.
That could leave the central bank – which said last week it saw "signs of slowing economic activity" and that inflation had "reached its peak" – with few options.
It has already raised interest rates to 18%. Some analysts expect they could reach a record 20% before the end of the year.
That cost of borrowing hamstrings many private businesses, further thwarting growth in parts of the economy not connected to the army.
Maxim Bouev, a professor at Moscow's New Economic School, said Russia is trapped in a "vicious circle of inflation and military Keynesianism. The stimulus goes to war, and the rest of the economy gets rising prices," he said.
Russian President Vladimir Putin has hailed military spending – which he puts at "above 8% of GDP (gross domestic product)" – as a great resource that can drive growth.
But many have doubts about whether the positive spillovers are enough to offset the costs.
"The economy is degrading, it is de-modernizing," said Vladislav Inozemtsev, co-founder of the Center for Analysis and Strategies in Europe, a Russia-focused think tank.
"They are switching to Soviet models, Soviet standards, Soviet approaches. Technological advances are non-existent ... and development is very restrained," he added.
Many experts say the system is unsustainable over the long term – but see no short-term economic pressure that could hamper Russia's military capacity.
Sergey Aleksashenko, a former deputy finance minister and now dissident living in exile, said it will take a decade before the results of Western sanctions on technology exports to Russia become "visible."
In the meantime, Moscow has the resources for a long fight.
It commands around $300 billion in reserves that have not been frozen by the West, has a low debt-to-GDP ratio of around 15%, and has announced major tax rises to collect billions more revenue over the coming years.
"There's still a lot of room for redistributing resources. They will not stop the war because they run out of materials any time soon," Enikolopov said.
"Maybe not indefinitely," said Inozemtsev when asked how long Russia could fight.
"But for several years, they definitely have the money and resources to keep it going with the same intensity as now."
