The glitzy Qatar-financed Rixos hotel is taking shape in Baghdad's Green Zone, a heavily fortified legacy from Iraq's war-torn years. This highlights growing investment interest from Gulf Arab states.
The government of Prime Minister Mohammed Shia Al Sudani hopes to host Gulf Arab monarchs and other Middle Eastern emissaries in Rixos Baghdad's 470 luxury rooms and suites when they arrive for a planned Arab League summit next year.
His government has been pushing for more investment from the region for an economy ravaged by decades of war and instability but benefiting from record oil revenues. These revenues are helping to spur demand for consumer goods from the rapidly growing population of at least 43 million.
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) member Iraq has seen relative calm since defeating the Daesh terrorist group in 2017, although there has been sporadic violence, including among ruling Shiite Muslim factions and, more recently, attacks from Iran-aligned groups.
The country's top trade partners are currently China, Iran and Türkiye.
However, Gulf Arab states, which have had a complicated relationship with Iraq, have pledged a string of investments as they seek to grow soft power in a country where regional rival Iran has unparalleled influence via a powerful network of allies. This has been partially enabled by a detente in ties between Iran and Saudi Arabia.
"It is the right time to go there," said Moutaz Al Khayyat, chairman of Qatar's Estithmar Holdings, which is behind the Rixos project. He cited the Iraqi government's ability to build huge projects and attract international investors.
"The country is safe and more controlled. We believe that Baghdad will be one of the most important Arab capitals for the next 25 years."
Sunni-dominated Gulf states severed ties after Sunni strongman Saddam Hussein's 1990 invasion of Kuwait, only to see Iran-backed Shiite factions gain the upper hand when he was ousted in the 2003 U.S.-led invasion.
In 2014, then-Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki accused Saudi Arabia and Qatar of inciting and funding Daesh fighters in the country, claims the two states denied.
Improving ties
But links have been growing as Baghdad seeks to turn Iraq into a place of cooperation between regional rivals. For example, it hosted Saudi Arabia-Iran talks in 2021 and 2022 that helped pave the way for their landmark normalization of ties in March 2023.
Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) subsequently set out to strengthen economic ties with Iraq to push Baghdad away from Iran and closer to the "Arab political environment," said Mahjoob Zweiri, director of the Gulf Studies Centre at Qatar University.
In May 2023, Saudi Arabia said it had set aside $3 billion for investment in Iraq via its Public Investment Fund. Later, it announced a $1 billion mixed-use project that would include offices, shops and more than 6,000 residential units.
Qatar's Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani visited Baghdad in June 2023, during which Estithmar signed memorandums of understanding (MoUs) worth $7 billion to develop two new residential cities, five-star hotels and deals to manage and operate hospitals.
"Iraq is a huge country. They have great potential. They have probably realized the biggest and the best partner should come from the region," said Abdul Aziz Al Ghurair, chairperson of the Dubai Chamber of Commerce (DCC).
Exports from DCC members soared almost 96% in the first half of last year.
Gulf nations have also signaled growing interest in Iraq's energy sector, a key zone of influence for Iran that currently supplies up to 40% of Iraq's power.
Qatar last year took a 25% stake in a $27 billion deal led by France's TotalEnergies to develop oil production and capture gas Iraq currently flares, while Qatar's UCC Holding signed a $2.5 billion MoU to develop two power plants totaling 2,400 megawatts.
UAE-based Crescent Petroleum last year signed three 20-year contracts to develop natural gas fields in the southern Basra and Diyala provinces. Saudi Arabia's ACWA Power plans a 1,000 MW solar farm.
Iraq is in the process of linking its power grid to Kuwait and, in the future, to Saudi Arabia.
Rocket attacks
Questions remain over how Iran will react to a growing Gulf presence, while an upswing of violence has highlighted the fragility of Iraq's relative stability.
There have been more than four months of near-daily rocket and missile attacks by Iran-aligned armed groups on U.S. forces, who are in Iraq to help local troops prevent a resurgence of Daesh. In January, an Iranian ballistic missile attack on Iraq's Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) killed a prominent businessman.
Many investors also have concerns about rampant corruption and stifling bureaucracy, which make everything from signing a contract to getting paid difficult. These concerns place a heavy emphasis on political connections and promises.
"I'm not sure these outside investments in Iraq will help politically or economically," the Gulf Studies Centre's Zweiri said, due to high corruption and political infighting.
Iraq's top court ruled in September that an accord demarcating maritime borders with Kuwait was unconstitutional, a blow to growing goodwill with Gulf neighbors.
The court decision slammed as "null and void" by the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is final, although parliament could endorse a new agreement and Iraqi officials say talks are ongoing.
"We remain positive about working in Iraq, though there are fears that some in the region could seek to spoil that," a Gulf Arab diplomat said.