Global factory activity remained strong in December as companies took rising cases of the new omicron coronavirus variant in stride, although persistent supply constraints and rising costs clouded the outlook for some economies.
The rising rate of global infections has raised eyebrows among policymakers, with outbreaks in China forcing some firms to suspend production and threatening to disrupt output for memory chip giants like Samsung Electronics.
For now, however, the direct hit from omicron on output appeared subdued, according to surveys released on Monday and Tuesday.
Manufacturing activity in the eurozone remained resilient at the end of 2021 as factories took advantage of some easing in supply chain bottlenecks and stocked up on raw materials at a record pace, a survey showed on Monday.
In Britain, manufacturing activity grew slightly faster than originally thought last month, another survey showed on Tuesday.
"Supply chain disruptions, however, likely will worsen this month, given that Brexit customs checks have been bolstered and Omicron likely will lead to renewed factory closures in Asia," said Samuel Tombs, chief United Kingdom economist at Pantheon Macroeconomics.
In China, factory activity grew at its fastest pace in six months in December, the Caixin/Markit Manufacturing Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) showed earlier in the day.
The findings from the private survey, which focuses more on small firms in coastal regions, tally with those in China's official PMI that pointed to an uptick in factory activity.
Other parts of Asia also fared well with factory activity expanding in countries ranging from Vietnam, Malaysia and the Philippines.
"Manufacturing PMIs and timely trade data reveal that Asia's export-focused industry gained momentum at the turn of the year," said Alex Holmes, emerging Asia economist at Capital Economics.
"While the Omicron variant presents a key threat to the outlook, it is unlikely to cause nearly as much disruption to industry as delta did in Q3," he said.
In Japan, the world's third-biggest economy, manufacturing activity in December grew for an 11th straight month. And bellwether exporter South Korea saw its main factories gauge enjoy the fastest pace of expansion in three months, the surveys showed.
"We expect Asia's exports and capex upswing to be sustained by continued global recovery, and Asia's manufacturing PMIs will remain moderately strong over the coming months," analysts at Morgan Stanley wrote in a research note.
Some economists, however, warned that supply shortages and rising input costs remain risks particularly for export-reliant countries like South Korea.
"Given South Korea's prominence in the automotive and electronics industries, substantial improvements in global supply chains will be required before we see a meaningful acceleration in manufacturing growth," said Joe Hayes, senior economist at IHS Markit.
Japan's PMI stood at 54.3 in December, remaining above the 50-mark threshold that indicates expansion in activity but lower than November's 54.5 as new order growth softened.
South Korea's PMI rose to 51.9 from 50.9 in November to mark the 15th consecutive month of expansion, as rising domestic demand offset sluggish overseas sales.
India's manufacturing activity continued to expand in December though at a slower pace than in November, as elevated price pressures remained a concern.
"The omicron variant poses near-term growth risks by delaying the consumption recovery, but higher vaccination rates in Asia could help limit the damage to growth as compared to the delta wave," Morgan Stanley analysts said.