Young men on bikes and scooters zip through Cairo, Egypt's sprawling megalopolis, dodging cars to deliver more than a million orders each day, with little physical or legal protection.
Egypt's digital gig economy is growing, as economic pressures push more of its key demographic – educated, urban youth – into the work-on-demand model.
Engineer Mohamed Sherif, 37, joined online food ordering company Talabat as a bicycle courier in Alexandria three months ago because he couldn't find a job.
"They bleed you dry left and right, but there's nothing else to do," he told Agence France Presse (AFP).
In early April, Talabat couriers called a two-day strike to demand higher wages, with only a fraction of the 12,000 workforce joining.
The work stoppage reflected, however, the state of Egypt's sizeable, app-based gig economy.
Inflation has climbed to a three-year high of 12.1% while the Egyptian pound plunged to 18% of its value. The mounting economic hardships come as global commodity prices have soared following Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
A courier who declined to be named said commissions have been stagnant since 2020 at 9-18 Egyptian pounds (50 cents and $1).
"You can work a nine or 10-hour shift, and just not get enough orders," Sherif told AFP. After paying for gas, oil and other expenses, "you could end up only making 30 or 40 pounds that day."
In Egypt, where 60% of the 103-million-strong population are under 30 and 14.5% of university graduates are unemployed, digital labor platforms have attracted 100,000-200,000 workers.
Uber alone employed 90,000 drivers in 2019, all without contracts, insurance or social security.
Fairwork, a project by the University of Oxford, worked with the American University in Cairo to rate the working conditions of seven of Egypt's largest digital labor platforms.
Uber, Talabat and grocery app Mongez scored one out of 10, while ridesharing startup Swvl – which made headlines for its $1.5 billion Nasdaq debut earlier this year – scored just three out of 10.
Omar Ramadan, whose home maintenance and cleaning services startup FilKhedma rated highest at five out of 10, said working conditions are seldom discussed in the tech ecosystem.
"It's very rare to talk about how much we're paying people, if this is fair or not, if we're taking advantage of people's vulnerability."
A third of Egyptians live in poverty, and nearly the same number are vulnerable to falling into poverty, the World Bank says.
The average family's monthly income is 6,000 Egyptian pounds ($325).
Following the strike this month, Talabat said in a statement that couriers earned around 4,000-6,000 Egyptian pounds per month, and up to 10,000 Egyptian pounds "if they work eight hours or more."
But couriers say this excludes the cost of petrol – which has gone up by three percent in recent days – and paying for and servicing the scooter or bicycle they use.
Couriers using motorcycles earn up to twice as much as those making their deliveries by bicycles or on foot, said Sherif.
Couriers also put their lives at risk as they navigate the chaotic streets of Cairo, where traffic rules are more than often disrespected and accidents happen almost daily.
Talabat Egypt's public affairs head Asmaa Khalil denied claims made by some couriers that they have no adequate insurance to protect them.
According to her, Talabat pays into accident and life insurance, but the schemes are handled by external contractors that recruit and manage their couriers.
Bicycle courier Sherif criticized this method, calling it a way by employers "to get rid of the dirty work."
Khalil said that, legally, Talabat has "no obligations" towards its couriers and offers insurance and other benefits only "out of goodwill."
For Wael Tawfik of the Legal Collective to Promote Labor Awareness, the best recourse for workers is to set up a trade union.
But Sherif said it would be a tough task for couriers to set up a union because "unlike factory workers who all work in the same place, couriers only meet each other by coincidence."
Only 13.6 million people receive state-sponsored social security benefits in Egypt, where 63% of the workforce are employed in the informal economy, according to the International Labor Organization.
"Employment law, tax law, social security, it's all unclear how the gig economy is supposed to behave," Ramadan said.
"Everyone in the gig economy is in a grey area," he added.
