Consolidation within China's bustling solar power industry is driving smaller players out of the market, yet the surplus production capacity, coupled with further expansions, poses a risk of keeping worldwide prices low for years.
China accounts for 80% of solar module production capacity after years of subsidies, driving oversupply that has triggered a collapse in global prices and provoked import duties from trading partners to stave off being swamped by low-cost equipment.
U.S. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen, who is set to visit China this week, plans to warn Beijing of the harm caused by subsidies for clean energy products, including solar panels, which she says are flooding global markets and threatening U.S. firms, workers, and the global economy.
Overcapacity in China's solar industry is emblematic of the challenges facing the world's second-biggest economy. High levels of state-guided industrial investment and low household consumption mean many sectors produce more than the domestic market can absorb.
Oversupply pushed prices of finished solar panels in China down 42% in 2023, making Chinese panels more than 60% cheaper than U.S.-made equipment, with some module-only manufacturers taking orders at negative margins to preserve market share, said Wood Mackenzie analyst Huaiyan Sun.
At the end of 2023, China's annual production capacity for finished solar modules was 861 gigawatts (GW) equivalent, according to China Photovoltaic Industry Association data, more than double global module installations of 390 GW.
Production capacity is expected to increase by a further 500 or 600 GW this year, according to forecasts by Wood Mackenzie and Rystad Energy, as Chinese heavyweights including LONGI, Jinko Solar and JA Solar continue to build new plants.
Sector expansion has been driven by local government policy support and comes after years of breakneck demand growth.
"China's estimated wafer, cell and module capacity that will come online in 2024 is sufficient to meet annual global demand now through to 2032," said Xuyang Dong, China energy policy analyst at Climate Energy Finance in Sydney.
Nearly half of China's solar panel exports in 2023 were to Europe, data compiled by energy think tank Ember showed, where multiple factories have announced plans to close due to the flood of imports.
Chinese solar panels have been subject to U.S. tariffs for over a decade, with further duties recently imposed on several Chinese solar panel makers who finished their panels in Southeast Asia.
China's solar industry generated 2.5 trillion yuan ($346 billion) in investment, goods and services last year, according to a study by the think tank Carbon Brief, making it the top contributor to the country's economic growth as investment poured in.
"Many non-solar companies in China have been enticed by massive, sustained market growth opportunities in solar and favorable policy support," said Dong of Climate Energy Finance, who expects most plans by such players not to materialize.
Between June 2023 and February 2024, at least eight companies canceled or suspended more than 59 GW of new production capacity, equivalent to 6.9% of China's total finished panel production capacity in 2023, according to the China Photovoltaic Industry Association.
Utilization rates for finished solar panel production capacity tumbled to 23% in February 2024, down from more than 60% a year earlier, according to data from consultancy PV Infolink.
Marius Mordal Bakke, a solar supply chain analyst at Rystad, said the largest vertically integrated players will grow market share as smaller players are squeezed out.
The top four module manufacturers, Jinko Solar, Trina Solar, LONGI and JA Solar, all have integrated cell and wafer supply chains.
Transitioning to more efficient N-type modules gives higher-tech manufacturers an advantage. N-type modules often incorporate additional chemical elements to silicon, such as gallium, to achieve better performance under high-temperature or low-light conditions.
Against this backdrop, consolidation is "good for the leading players, and also good for customers," said Dennis She, vice president of LONGI, which recently said it will lay off about 5% of employees in April.
Analysts cautioned consolidation was unlikely to significantly support prices in the short term, meaning the dumping concerns being raised by Yellen this week are likely to persist.
"As supply is still set to outpace demand in 2024, a sustained increase in component prices is unlikely to happen unless supported by policy changes," such as reforms to bidding for solar components that keep sales prices above input costs, said Rystad's Bakke.
China has yet to announce plans for any such changes. Overcapacity means that buyers still hold bargaining power, making it difficult for individual manufacturers to raise prices, said Wood Mackenzie's Sun.
"The overcapacity issue will not be easily solved in the short term as more capacity continues to come online," Sun said, describing the industry as facing "survival of the fittest."
