China’s economy grew at a much slower pace than forecast in the second quarter of the year, as demand weakened at home and abroad, with the post-COVID-19 momentum faltering rapidly and raising pressure on policymakers to deliver more stimulus to shore up activity.

Chinese authorities face a daunting task in trying to keep the economic recovery on track and putting a lid on unemployment, as any aggressive stimulus could fuel debt risks and structural distortions.

The world’s second-largest economy grew at a 6.3% annual pace in the April-June quarter, data released by the National Bureau of Statistics showed on Monday, much slower than the 7% plus growth analysts had forecast given the anemic pace of activity the year before. It accelerated from 4.5% in the first three months of the year.

The gross domestic product (GDP) grew just 0.8% in the three-month period from the previous quarter on a seasonally adjusted basis. The reading came versus analysts’ expectations in a Reuters poll for a 0.5% increase and compared with a 2.2% expansion in the first quarter.

The annual pace was the quickest since the second quarter of 2021, although it was heavily skewed by economic pains caused by stringent COVID-19 lockdowns in Shanghai and other major cities last year.

"The data suggests that China’s post-COVID-19 boom is clearly over," said Carol Kong, an economist at the Commonwealth Bank of Australia in Sydney.

"The higher-frequency indicators are up from May’s numbers but still paint a picture of a bleak and faltering recovery and at the same time, youth unemployment is hitting record highs."

The latest data raises the risk of China missing its modest 5% growth target for 2023, some economists say.

More timely June data, which was released alongside the GDP numbers, showed China’s retail sales grew 3.1%, slowing sharply from a 12.7% jump in May. Analysts had expected growth of 3.2%.

Industrial output growth unexpectedly quickened to 4.4% last month from 3.5% seen in May, but demand remains lukewarm.

Private fixed-asset investment shrank 0.2% in the first six months, a sharp contrast to the 8.1% growth in investment by state entities, suggesting weak private business confidence.

Recent data showed a rapidly faltering post-COVID-19 recovery as exports declined the most in three years due to cooling demand at home and abroad, while a prolonged downturn in the key property market has sapped confidence.

The weak overall momentum and global recession risks have raised expectations policymakers will need to do more to shore up the world’s second-biggest economy.

Authorities are likely to roll out more stimulus steps, including fiscal spending to fund big-ticket infrastructure projects, more support for consumers and private firms and some property policy easing, policy insiders and economists said.

But a quick turnaround is unlikely, analysts say.

All eyes are on an expected Politburo meeting later this month when top leaders could chart the policy course for the rest of the year.

No ‘silver bullet’

Asia shares slipped, while the Chinese yuan eased after the underwhelming data.

While China is seen on track to hit its modest 2023 growth target, there are risks of the annual goal being missed for the second year in a row.

"It was quite a disappointing number at just 6.3%, so clearly, the momentum is slowing down," said Alvin Tan, head of Asia FX strategy at RBC Capital Markets in Singapore.

"At this pace of deceleration, there’s now actually a risk that the growth target may not be achieved – this 5% may not be achieved if the economy continues to decelerate at this pace. So I think this does raise greater urgency for more policy support soon."

China’s economy grew just 3% last year due to COVID-19 curbs, badly missing the official target.

Most analysts say policymakers are unlikely to deliver any aggressive stimulus due to worries about growing debt risks.

However, a deeper slowdown could stoke more job losses and fuel deflationary risks, further undermining private-sector confidence, they said.

The youth jobless rate climbed to 21.3% in June from 20.8% in May, a new record high, as graduates scrambled for limited offers during the job hunting season.

China’s property sector, which accounts for about a quarter of the economy, remains firmly in a downtrend, with new home prices for June stalling.

Property investment slumped 20.6% in June year-over-year after a 21.5% drop in May, according to Reuters calculations.

A senior central bank official said on Friday that the bank would use policy tools such as the reserve requirement ratio (RRR) and medium-term lending facility to weather economic challenges.

Last month, the central bank cut its benchmark lending rates by a modest 10 basis points.

Some China observers have blamed the "scarring effects" caused by years of strict COVID-19 measures and regulatory curbs on the property and technology sectors – despite recent official efforts to reverse some curbs to support the economy.

A few economists have flagged the risk of a balance sheet recession as Chinese households and private firms build up savings and reduce borrowing and spending after three years of COVID-19 curbs.

"We expect to see monetary policy easing in coming months and targeted fiscal supports given to key industries, including real estate and construction," Harry Murphy Cruise, an economist at Moody’s Analytics, said in a note.

"But that extra support won’t be a silver bullet. Increasingly, 2023 is looking like a year to forget for China."