The unemployment rate in the U.S. fell to 3.5% in March. More than 236,000 jobs were added. But there has been no political payoff for President Joe Biden, who keeps seeing good economic news and bad public approval ratings.

U.S. adults are skipping past the job numbers and feeling horrible about the economy. White House aides can list many reasons for the pessimism: high inflation, the hangover from the pandemic, and the political polarization that leaves Republicans automatically believing the economy is sour under a Democratic president.

In the future, an emerging challenge for Biden might be the expectation that unemployment will worsen this year.

This is the opinion of the Federal Reserve (Fed), which expects the jobless rate to hit 4.5%. And the Congressional Budget Office (5.1%). Even the proposed budget that Biden just put forth models an increase (4.3%) from the current rate.

Likewise, many Wall Street analysts are operating under the shorthand that the Fed tames inflation by raising interest rates, which in turn causes demand to tumble and joblessness to rise.

Friday's jobs report showed that the economy is cooling as wage growth slowed, but the labor market is still running much hotter than the overall economy in a way that can fuel doubts. Biden bets that the conventional economic wisdom is wrong and that 6% inflation can be beaten while keeping unemployment low.

"We continue to face economic challenges from a position of strength," Biden said in a statement about the latest jobs report.

A new independent economic analysis helps to show why the low unemployment rate has yet to resonate with people: There aren't enough workers to fill the open jobs, causing the economy to operate with speed bumps and frictions that make things seem worse they are in the data.

The analysis suggests that the economy would arguably function far more smoothly with unemployment higher at 4.6%, even though that could translate into nearly 2 million fewer people holding jobs.

The job market is what economists call "inefficiently tight," a problem the United States faced during the Vietnam War, the Korean War, and World War II. The current tightness is as severe as it was at the end of World War II. This mismatch causes companies and consumers alike to feel the economy is in a rut, said Pascal Michaillat, an economist at Brown University.

"For shopkeepers, it means operating shorter hours because it's not possible to find workers to fill the extra time slots," he said. "For households, it means more time trying to hire nannies, plumbers, or construction workers and less time doing enjoyable things."

Based on his calculations on job openings and employment from a 2022 paper written with the economist Emmanuel Saez, Michaillat estimates that a 4.6% unemployment rate would make the labor market efficiency. At that rate, the day-to-day transactions that shape an economy would have less friction because the worker demand would be closer to the supply. Government figures released on Tuesday show that employers have 9.9 million job openings, almost double the number of unemployed people seeking work.

This sounds like a good problem because it implies wages should increase. But economic theory suggests the only way to resolve this situation is for unemployment to rise.

Asked what this dilemma might mean for Biden, Michaillat suggested, "The economics is mingling with the politics, as it so often does."

When Republicans criticize Biden, it is often for the kinds of shortages that Michaillat describes and for inflation.

House Ways and Means Committee Chairman Jason Smith, R-Mo., said small-business owners "are telling us that Democrats' anti-work policies have made it difficult to stock their shelves, hire workers and keep their doors open."

More than two years after Biden's $1.9 trillion coronavirus relief package became law, it's a humbling frustration for the White House that so many people feel the economy is terrible when his record on jobs is unrivaled among modern presidencies.

Biden's unemployment rate is far better than that of Presidents Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, Barack Obama, Jimmy Carter, Gerald Ford and Bushes. While unemployment was lower for a period under Presidents Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon, a smaller share of people was in the labor force compared with now.

Biden set out to use the COVID-19 aid dollars to get people back to work quickly and prevent the typical "scarring" in recessions that can leave people earning less for the rest of their careers and, in some cases, permanently jobless. He succeeded at that mission as the economy has about 4 million more jobs than the Congressional Budget Office forecasted it would at this stage.

A White House official said the policies were designed to return jobs faster than in past recoveries. For example, after the Great Recession began at the end of 2007 and the economy crashed, it took more than six years for the total number of U.S. jobs to return to pre-downturn levels. In the pandemic recovery, the jobs total rebounded to its prior level in just over two years.

The quickness of the rebound has benefited historically disadvantaged groups. For example, black unemployment in March dropped to 5%, the lowest level on record. And the Black labor force participation rate – which measures how many people have jobs or is searching for work – surpassed the level for whites last month.

The official, who spoke, on condition of anonymity, to discuss private conversations, said Biden's goal was to spur a burst of hiring that would cause strong growth in the long term. If the jobs recovery had dragged on, some people would give up hope and dropped out of the labor force, reducing the ability of the economy to grow for decades to come.

Biden has rejected criticisms that the size of COVID-19 relief contributed to inflation. However, research published by the New York Fed indicates that federal aid accounted for about one-third of the higher inflation from late 2019 to June 2022.

Nick Bunker, economic research director at Indeed Hiring Lab, said Friday's jobs report indicated the unemployment rate is unlikely to surge in the next three months. He said that the hiring is still more than population gains.

He noted the strength of the job growth compared with the Great Recession but said many people are still adjusting to the realities of higher inflation and the aftermath of the pandemic.

"There are clear benefits to the speed of this recovery," Bunker said. "Speed is great because it gets you to your destination, but it can be unsettling because there's a whiplash."