Argentina's libertarian President-elect Javier Milei won a closely fought runoff election Sunday. Now comes the hard part: dealing with economic crises, starting from triple-digit inflation.
Inflation is at 143%, net reserves of foreign currency are deep in the red, savers are ditching the peso and a recession is looming – if not already here. Four in 10 Argentines live in poverty, and a sharp peso devaluation is likely.
Milei, who is pledging economic shock therapy such as shutting the central bank and dollarization, won a second-round runoff vote with some 56% to rival Sergio Massa's 44%.
Milei now faces the huge challenge of turning around the economy once he takes office on Dec. 10. Failure could lead to the already embattled country suffering a 10th sovereign debt default, poverty climbing and possible social unrest.
"It is an economy that is in intensive care," said Miguel Kiguel, a former undersecretary of finance at the Economy Ministry in the 1990s.
Inflation
Argentina's high inflation rate creates huge distortions in markets and for consumers, with prices changing weekly. A central bank poll of analysts forecast 185% inflation by the end of the year.
"One of the biggest challenges of the next administration will be to correct the distortion of relative prices that the economy has today," said Lucio Garay Mendez, economist at consulting firm EcoGo.
"In a context of high inflation and a stabilization plan, a correction is inevitable."
In a bid to tamp inflation, Argentina's central bank has hiked the benchmark interest rate to 133%, which encourages saving in pesos but hurts access to credit and economic growth.
Peso controls
Argentina's peso currency has been shackled by capital controls since a market crash in 2019, which has led to an unwieldy array of exchange rates, where dollars trade for well over twice the price of the official level near 350 per dollar.
Popular unofficial exchange rates include the "blue" dollar, the MEP, and blue-chip swap, though demand for dollars through parallel channels has, over time, spawned dozens of different rates, including a "Coldplay dollar" and "Malbec dollar."
Milei has pledged to undo capital controls quickly and eventually dollarize the economy. At the same time, a sharp devaluation is likely in the near future to bring the official and parallel rates closer together.
Central bank reserves
Argentina's central bank reserves of foreign currency are near their lowest level since 2006 and, in net terms, are widely seen by analysts to be in negative territory after a major drought hit exports of key cash crops like soy, corn, and wheat.
The low reserves threaten the country's ability to repay debts to major creditors, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and private bondholders, as well as cover key imports. Argentina will need to revamp its creaking $44 billion IMF program.
The government has agreed on an extended currency swap with China to help cover some of its costs and had to delay some payments to key trade partners such as Brazil.
Recession
Latin America's third-largest economy is on track to shrink 2% this year, according to the latest central bank analyst survey, partly due to the impact of the recent drought that cut corn and soy crops in half.
Along with triple-digit inflation, that is likely to sharpen poverty levels, with two-fifths of people already living under the poverty line as salaries and savings are eroded.
Silver linings?
Argentina, rich in grains, shale gas and lithium, could see a boost next year as better rains help the harvest, a new gas pipeline trims reliance on costly imports and demand rises for the lithium needed for electric vehicle batteries.
Soy and corn are expected to have far stronger harvests, bringing much-needed foreign currency.
"The harvest will help bring a greater flow of income in the economy, as will the greater production of (shale oil formation) Vaca Muerta," said Eugenio Marí, chief economist at Libertad y Progreso Foundation.