Macedonia is preparing to hold a historic referendum Sunday on the country's "second independence."
It follows the signing of the Prespa Agreement in June by the Macedonian and Greek governments which requires Macedonia to change its name to the Republic of North Macedonia and Greece to drop its objection to Macedonia joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and becoming a member of the European Union.
Greece, both a NATO and EU member, has long opposed Macedonia's official name, as it has a province named Macedonia in the country's north, the birthplace of the ancient warrior king Alexander the Great.
Due to Athens' objection, the dispute has been one of the main obstacles to Macedonia's ambitions to join NATO and the EU.
Negotiations between Macedonia and Greece had recently picked up pace as the new government in Skopje sought progress in its bid to join the two organizations after decades of stalled U.N.-mediated talks.
The term "Macedonia" harks back to the ancient kingdom once ruled by Alexander. Greeks, who consider this one of the high points of their history, see the use of the name by their northern neighbor as an attempt to usurp their history.
The geographical area covered by the ancient kingdom now includes Macedonia and parts of Greece and Bulgaria.
For the new country that emerged from the breakup of Yugoslavia, the name Macedonia was one way for politicians to instill a sense of national pride. Macedonian nationalists began producing maps including Thessaloniki, Greece's second largest city. Nikola Gruevski, a conservative prime minister who was in power from 2006-2016, went on a building spree, erecting statues of ancient Greeks in the center of the Macedonian capital of Skopje and naming the country's main highway and international airport after Alexander the Great. Greeks were horrified.
With no solution in sight, the new country continued to be officially known by the name it was admitted to the United Nations as: the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, or FYROM.
The wording of the question being put to voters is telling: "Are you in favor of NATO and EU membership, and accepting the name agreement between the Republic of Macedonia and Greece?"
The referendum on Sunday will be the third in the country's history.
The first referendum was held on Sept. 8, 1991, which gave independence to Macedonia from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The question "Are you for a sovereign and independent state of Macedonia with a right to enter any alliance with sovereign states of Yugoslavia?" was approved by 96.4 percent of votes.
The second referendum, held on Nov. 7, 2004, asked voters whether they approved of overturning municipal redistricting plans that had given greater autonomy to ethnic Albanians. The referendum, where only 26.58 percent of the public went to the polling stations, was considered invalid due to insufficient participation.
The campaigns before the historic referendum started on Sept. 10.
Many political parties are participating in the Macedonian Alliance for European Integration led by the Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (SDSM) with a call to vote "yes" in order to get positive results from the referendum by benefitting from Macedonia's NATO and EU membership.
Describing a successful referendum as a forward step towards the country's Euro-Atlantic integration, the alliance says it will have a positive impact on prosperity, a better future, security, investments and quality of life for citizens of Macedonia.
Macedonian Prime Minister Zoran Zaev, in his speech during the referendum campaign, described the referendum as a vote for the country's second independence, pointing out that research shows that the majority of citizens support NATO and EU membership.
Another important part of the government's coalition, the Albanian party the Democratic Union for Integration (BDI), also supports the "yes" campaign.
According to the BDI, the agreement between Macedonia and Greece is a prerequisite for Macedonia's strong progress, stable peaceful environment, economic development and strengthening of the identities of all ethnic communities in the country.
On the other hand, the opposition Macedonian National Revolutionary Organization (VMRO-DPMNE), which advocates that the deal that resolved the name issue is harmful, is calling for citizens to make their own decisions and cast their votes accordingly in the referendum.
Hristijan Mickovski, head of the VMRO-DPMNE, claimed that the question of the referendum did not involve changing the name of the state and thus it has many meanings and is manipulative.
Apart from the parties calling on citizens to vote in the referendum, there are also non-governmental organizations that think the referendum should be boycotted.
An association of NGOs which has come together under the motto "Macedonia is boycotting" argues that the referendum should be boycotted because NATO is not an institution in which Macedonia should be a member and the agreement reached with Greece is against national interests.
On the other hand, Macedonian President Gjorge Ivanov, who suggested that the agreement is detrimental to Macedonia's national interests, had previously announced that he would not sign it after the agreement was adopted in parliament.
In a letter to parliament, Ivanov stressed that the country's constitutional name is "Republic of Macedonia" and did not accept the idea of changing Macedonia's national identity.
According to the Macedonian State Election Commission, a little over 1.8 million voters have the right to vote in the referendum. In order for the referendum to be considered valid, more than half of this number, or some 903,000, should vote.
On the other hand, even though the result of the Sept. 30 referendum will not be binding, the government said the will of citizens in this referendum will be considered as binding.
Following the referendum, at least two-thirds or 81 of the 120 members of parliament in Macedonia should support it to ratify the constitutional amendments in the agreement between the two countries. Zaev currently has received pledges of support from 73 lawmakers — he would need another seven for the amendments to pass.
After the completion of these processes in Macedonia, the agreement must be approved by the Greek parliament, where Tsipras faces troubles of his own.
His governing coalition partner, Panos Kammenos, head of the right-wing Independent Greeks, vows to vote against the agreement in the Greek parliament. It is unclear if Tsipras will be able to muster enough votes from independent lawmakers and opposition parties to push it through. There were also fierce rallies by nationalist and far-right groups opposing the name change in capital Athens and Thessaloniki, the country's second largest city and the provincial capital of Macedonia.
Macedonia has not been able to become a member of the EU or NATO since its independence in 1991 due to the name problem that has been continuing with its southern neighbor Greece.
Macedonia's international recognition was finalized in April 1993 when the country was unanimously adopted as a UN member at the United Nations General Assembly but was admitted as the FYROM by an appeal from Greece.
Despite the dispute between Athens and Skopje, many countries, including Turkey, recognize the country as Macedonia.
