A new study by the University of Southern California (USC) Annenberg Inclusion Initiative revealed on Wednesday that most top TV shows feature no Muslims and if any Muslim characters are portrayed, they are negatively stereotyped.

The report looked at the 200 top-rated television series from 2018 and 2019 that aired in the U.S., the U.K., Australia and New Zealand and revealed that Muslim actors are largely absent from pop culture TV shows.

"Muslims make up 25% of the world’s population yet were only 1.1% of characters in popular television series," said Al-Baab Khan, the study’s lead author. "Not only is this radical erasure an insult, but it also has the potential to create real-world injury for audiences, particularly Muslims who may be the victims of prejudice, discrimination, and even violence."

The USC study examined nearly 9,000 speaking characters and revealed that the ratio of non-Muslim characters to Muslim ones was 90 to one.

It also discovered that 87% of the series that were scrutinized did not feature any Muslim characters and about 8% of the programs had only one Muslim actor. In addition, Muslim characters did not appear to grow over time, with no Muslim characters added to the programs studied from 2018 to 2019.

The report stated that the study portrays the "disheartening reality of Muslims on screen."

"For Muslims, this sends a message that they don’t belong or don’t matter," said Riz Ahmed of the production company Left Handed Films, in a statement. "For other people, we risk normalizing fear, bigotry and stigmatization against Muslims."

"TV shows are the stories we bring into our homes," Ahmed continued. "They play a big part in shaping how we understand the world, each other, and our place within it. This study reminds us that when it comes to Muslim portrayals, we’re still being fed a TV diet of stereotyping and erasure."

According to the study, nearly one-third of the Muslim characters were depicted onscreen as violent offenders and almost 40% were targets of violent attacks. 37.2% of Muslim characters were shown as criminals and 15.7% worked in law enforcement.

Male Muslim characters were more likely to be depicted with a job than female characters, while female Muslim characters were also subject to other stereotyping, including more than half of the women wearing a hijab versus men being dressed in a variety of street clothes.

The study also showed that Muslim women were often depicted as "fearful and submissive to their male counterparts."

"Networks and streaming services need to embrace their responsibility to ensure Muslims of all backgrounds see themselves reflected in our favorite TV shows," said Ahmed. "And they would be wise to embrace this gigantic opportunity to reach and connect with an underserved global audience – not just as part of a passing diversity fad but as a decisive shift toward inclusive story-telling."