Since U.S. President Donald Trump made his debut at the United Nations a year ago pushing an "America First" policy, he has quit the Iran nuclear deal, the U.N. Human Rights Council and lashed out at some of the closest allies of the United States.
Next week at the U.N., Trump plans to stay on message, touting his drive to protect U.S. sovereignty before world leaders, some of them worried about America's commitment to the multilateralism that has governed the United Nations since the end of World War Two.
"It is not saying multilateralism can't work. But it's saying sovereignty is a priority over all of that," U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. Nikki Haley said in describing Trump's address on Tuesday at the annual U.N. General Assembly.
"All of these things that we felt like were mandating things on the United States, those aren't things we want to be involved in," she said, citing the Paris climate agreement Trump pulled out of in 2017 and global talks on a migration pact that Washington quit before they started.
In the past year, the United States has also left the U.N. cultural agency, cut funding for the U.N. agency that helps Palestinian refugees and sparked a trade war with China. At the NATO summit in July, Trump threatened that the United States would "go its own way" if members did not spend more on defense.
Trump is now surrounded by hawkish advisers more in tune with his world view, such as Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and National Security Adviser John Bolton, after the departure of their "globalist" predecessors Rex Tillerson and H.R. McMaster, along with former White House economic adviser Gary Cohn.
While some leaders and diplomats have voiced concern about the future of multilateralism since Trump took office in January last year, they rarely name and shame.
"I don't like to personalize things," U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres told reporters this week when asked if Trump was a threat to multilateralism.
"In different areas and for different reasons, the trust of people in their political establishments, the trust of states among each other, the trust of many people in international organizations has been eroded," he said. "Multilateralism has been under fire and so this is a concern."
Haley said Trump would "lay down a marker" on U.S. foreign aid. "While the U.S. is generous, we're going to be generous to those that share our values, generous to those that want to work with us and not those that try and stop the U.S. or say they hate America and are counterproductive," she said.
Trump has long been skeptical of the value of the United Nations, though Haley told Reuters that she has shown him the world body's worth by pushing the Security Council several times to toughen sanctions on North Korea.
The Trump administration now has its sights on Iran, but a bid by Washington to use the United Nations to call out Tehran over accusations of meddling in the Middle East has failed. In May, Trump pulled Washington out of a 2015 international agreement to put controls on Tehran's nuclear program in exchange for some sanctions relief.
Trump is set to chair a U.N. Security Council meeting on nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction on Wednesday that will allow him to attack Iran and flaunt the latest developments in his attempt to get North Korea to denuclearize.
French President Emmanuel Macron, who has a close relationship with Trump, will stress the importance of "collective action" and multilateralism when he addresses the United Nations shortly after Trump on Tuesday. "We don't see it as two opposing dialogues," a French presidential source said. "We will continue to encourage the U.S. to join this multilateralism even if it's difficult on some subjects like trade, Iran or climate."